Bitrate control in virtual reality (vr) environments using time-shifting and unicast delivery

ABSTRACT

A system and method for providing bitrate control for delivering media content to a plurality of virtual display (VD) screens presented in a virtual reality (VR) environment effectuated by a VR device of a subscriber based on detecting a movement in a point of view with respect the VD screens&#39; placement within the VR environment, wherein each VD screen is configured to receive a media content channel. Responsive to detecting the movement, angular distance of each of the VD screens relative to a reference axis is computed. Weights to each of the media content channels may be assigned or updated based on the angular distance of the corresponding VD screens relative to the reference axis. Media content channels on the VD screens outside the subscriber&#39;s field of view may be time-shifted. Bandwidth of a managed bandwidth pipe may be (re)allocated based on the relative weights of the non-time-shifted media content channels for delivering the media content channels to the subscriber&#39;s VR environment responsive to selecting single bitrates for the media channels according to a channel bandwidth annealing mechanism.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This nonprovisional application is a division of U.S. application Ser.No. 15/694,180, filed Sep. 1, 2017, which claims the benefit of U.S.Application No. 62/384,975, filed Sep. 8, 2016, the disclosures of whichare fully incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure generally relates to communication networks. Moreparticularly, and not by way of any limitation, the present disclosureis directed to a scheme for facilitating bitrate control in a virtualreality (VR) environment operative to receive multiple content streamsin a multicast adaptive bitrate (MABR) architecture.

BACKGROUND

The near universal adoption of Internet protocol (IP) as a standard fordigital transmission is revolutionizing the traditional way of videodelivery. Typical applications such as IPTV and live video streaminghave become increasingly popular over the Internet. To efficientlyutilize the bandwidth resources of the network in these applications,the video is usually compressed with suitable media coding schemes andthen delivered only to subscribers who request it. For data delivery,multicast is considered the most efficient paradigm for suchapplications, but the scalability issue of traditional IP multicasthinders the deployment of a large-scale video delivery system withnumerous channels.

IP delivery is also contemplated in virtual reality environments orapplications that allow for virtual media viewing areas, including oneswith multiple virtual TVs or screens. Mixed reality environments allowfor virtual televisions to be displayed instead of (or alongside with)real televisions in a real environment. Virtual reality requiresextremely high bitrates because the true “screen” is much closer to aviewer's eye than for an actual television ten feet away. Lower bitratesin a virtual environment cause a “screen door” effect, in whichindividual pixels are visible even if they would not be ten feet away.

It should be appreciated that a major challenge for existing virtualreality systems is combining realistic images with low-latencyrendering, so that user's virtual reality experience matches the rapidfeedback to movement observed in real environments. Existing systemsoften have long latency to measure changes in the user's position andorientation, and to rerender the virtual world based on these changes.3D rendering is a complex and processor intensive operation that cantake potentially hundreds of milliseconds. The result is that usersperceive noticeable lag between their movements and the rendering ofupdated virtual environments on their displays. Three technology trendsare compounding this challenge: (a) The complexity of 3D models isgrowing as more 3D data is captured and generated; (b) Resolution ofvirtual reality displays is increasing, requiring more computationalpower to render images; and (c) Users are relying increasingly on mobiledevices that may have limited resources or capacity. As a result ofthese trends, high latency in rendering virtual reality displays hasbecome a major factor limiting adoption and applications of virtualreality technology. There are no known systems that provide sufficientlylow-latency rendering and display to generate highly responsive virtualreality environments given these technology constraints, including wheremedia delivery is contemplated.

SUMMARY

The present patent disclosure is broadly directed to systems, methods,apparatuses, devices, and associated non-transitory computer-readablemedia for providing bitrate control in delivering media content to aplurality of virtual display (VD) screens presented in a virtual reality(VR) environment effectuated by a VR device of a subscriber based ondetecting a movement in a point of view with respect the VD screens'placement within the VR environment, wherein each VD screen isconfigured to receive a media content channel.

Some embodiments herein provide a virtual reality environment thatincludes detecting where a viewer is facing, and calculating weights togive virtual televisions or screens based on how “in view” they are.These weights may determine audio volume and video bitrate. Overallquality of experience is maintained, since quality is less crucial forVD screens in periphery vision. At the same time, users are able tonotice when important events occur on non-primary VD screens oftelevisions from audio and/or visual cues. Upon shifting focus,televisions that were previously in peripheral vision increase inquality and volume.

Because VD screens in an example virtual environment are always playing,they respond fluidly to rapid user head motions. A user can quicklyglance at a television to see if anything is interesting. Should they beinterested, quality will improve within a short time as the videodecoder's buffer is filled with higher quality segments. At the sametime, bandwidth is conserved for televisions that are not currentlybeing watched, allowing greater bandwidth to be allocated fortelevisions that are.

Some embodiments herein provide a virtual reality environment systemthat detects where a viewer is facing, and only plays video that isseen. Un-played video may be time-shifted, allowing unwatched segmentsto be viewed at a later time. Improved QoE may therefore be maintained,since the only data that is used is wanted data. At the same time,content is not missed. Upon shifting focus, televisions that werepreviously paused resume playback exactly where they were last viewed.Non time-shifted televisions can have their bandwidth managed as setforth in the embodiments described elsewhere in the present patentapplication.

In one aspect, an embodiment of a bitrate control method is disclosedfor delivering media content to a plurality of VD screens presented in aVR environment effectuated by a VR device of a subscriber, wherein eachVD screen is configured to receive a media content channel. The claimedembodiment comprises, inter alia, detecting a movement in a point ofview of the subscriber in relation to a reference axis (e.g., a firstreference axis) with respect the VD screens' placement within the VRenvironment. In one variation, the point of view movement may result ina second reference axis within the VR environment. An angular distancemay be computed or otherwise determined with respect to each of the VDscreens based on the point of view movement. For example, such anangular distance or displacement may be determined for the VD screensrelative to a new or second reference axis. Weights for each of themedia content channels may be assigned or updated based on the angulardistance of the corresponding VD screens relative to point of viewmovement. Based on the assigned and/or updated weights of the mediacontent channels, bandwidth of a managed bandwidth pipe configured fordelivering the media content channels to the subscriber's VR environmentmay be allocated or reallocated.

In another aspect, an embodiment of a bitrate control method may involvetime-shifting of the media in a VR environment having a plurality of VDscreens. Similar to the embodiment set forth above, an angular distancemay be computed or otherwise determined with respect to each of the VDscreens based on the point of view movement of a subscriber. Adetermination may be made that as to whether one or more VD screens areoutside a field of view of the subscriber. For each of the media contentchannels showing on the VD screens still within the subscriber's fieldof view, suitable weights may be assigned and/or updated based on theangular distance of the corresponding VD screens. On the other hand, anull weight may be assigned to the media content channels showing on theVD screens that are outside the subscriber's field of view. The mediacontent channels showing on the VD screens determined to be outside thesubscriber's field of view are time-shifted. Bandwidth of thesubscriber's managed bandwidth pipe may be allocated or reallocatedbased on the assigned/updated weights of the media content channels upontaking into account the null weights of the time-shifted media contentchannels for delivering the media content channels to the VD screensdetermined to be within the subscriber's field of view.

In a multiscreen virtual television environment, embodiments hereintherefore advantageously provide a bitrate selection and bandwidthdistribution scheme based on how directly a user is viewing atelevision.

In some embodiments, responsive to detecting the user's head or ocularmovement, angular distance of each of the VD screens relative to areference axis is computed. Weights to each of the media contentchannels may be assigned or updated based on the angular distance of thecorresponding VD screens relative to the reference axis. According to achannel bandwidth annealing mechanism, bandwidth of a managed bandwidthpipe may be (re)allocated based on the relative weights of the mediacontent channels for delivering the media content channels to thesubscriber's VR environment responsive to selecting single bitrates forthe media channels.

In still further aspects, one or more embodiments of a non-transitorycomputer-readable medium or distributed media containingcomputer-executable program instructions or code portions stored thereonare disclosed for performing one or more embodiments of the methods ofthe present invention when executed by a processor entity of a networknode, element, virtual appliance, UE device, and the like, mutatismutandis. Further features of the various embodiments are as claimed inthe dependent claims.

With respect to embodiments providing for time-shifting, bandwidth maybe further conserved for VD screens that are not currently beingwatched, thereby allowing greater bandwidth to be allocated for thescreens being watched. Additional benefits and advantages of theembodiments will be apparent in view of the following description andaccompanying Figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrated by way of example,and not by way of limitation, in the Figures of the accompanyingdrawings in which like references indicate similar elements. It shouldbe noted that different references to “an” or “one” embodiment in thisdisclosure are not necessarily to the same embodiment, and suchreferences may mean at least one. Further, when a particular feature,structure, or characteristic is described in connection with anembodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of oneskilled in the art to effect such feature, structure, or characteristicin connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitlydescribed.

The accompanying drawings are incorporated into and form a part of thespecification to illustrate one or more exemplary embodiments of thepresent disclosure. Various advantages and features of the disclosurewill be understood from the following Detailed Description taken inconnection with the appended claims and with reference to the attacheddrawing Figures in which:

FIG. 1 depicts an example multicast ABR (MABR) network architecture forfacilitating delivery of media content to one or more virtual display(VD) screens of a virtual reality (VR) environment of a subscriberpremises according to one or more embodiments of the present patentapplication;

FIG. 2 depicts a network portion or subsystem that may be arranged as atleast part of an apparatus for facilitating delivery of media content asmulti-bitrate representations of gapped MABR segment streams in an MABRnetwork architecture of FIG. 1 according to one embodiment;

FIGS. 3A-3C depict further details of a network portion of an exampleMABR network architecture of FIG. 1 for providing gapped MABR segmentstreams as media content channels to a plurality of subscriber premisesaccording to an embodiment for purposes of the present patentapplication;

FIGS. 4A and 4B depict block diagrams of a subscriber premises gatewayor node and a subscriber premises configured according to an embodimentof the present invention for delivering select single bitraterepresentations of the media content channels to VD screens of asubscriber's VR environment in an example architecture;

FIG. 5 is an example VR environment effectuated by a VR apparatus deviceof a subscriber for presenting a plurality of VD screens according to anembodiment for purposes of the present patent disclosure;

FIGS. 6A and 6B are flowcharts of various blocks, steps and/or acts thatmay be (re)combined in one or more arrangements, with or withoutadditional flowcharts of the present disclosure, for facilitating abitrate control scheme in respect of delivering media content channelsto VD screens according to an embodiment;

FIG. 7 is a flowchart of various blocks, steps and/or acts that may be(re)combined in one or more embodiments for facilitating a bitratecontrol scheme in additional detail;

FIGS. 8A and 8B depict portions of a flowchart comprising variousblocks, steps and/or acts that may be (re)combined in one or morearrangements that illustrate an example weight (re)assignment and/orupdating process according to one embodiment of the present patentdisclosure;

FIGS. 9A-9D depict portions of a flowchart comprising various blocks,steps and/or acts that may be (re)combined in one or more arrangementsthat illustrate an example channel annealing mechanism for dynamicselection of media content channel bitrates according to one embodimentof the present patent disclosure;

FIGS. 10A and 10B relate to example weight assignments and associatedbandwidth allocation for media content channels in a VR environmenthaving five VD screens in an illustrative use case scenario;

FIGS. 11A and 11B relate to example weight assignments and associatedbandwidth allocation for media content channels in a VR environmenthaving five VD screens in another illustrative use case scenario;

FIGS. 12A and 12B relate to example weight assignments and associatedbandwidth allocation for media content channels in a VR environmenthaving five VD screens in yet another illustrative use case scenario;

FIGS. 13A and 13B relate to example weight assignments and associatedbandwidth allocation for media content channels in a VR environmenthaving five VD screens in yet another illustrative use case scenario;

FIG. 14 depicts a block diagram of an apparatus for segmentingmedia/content channels for purposes of an embodiment of the presentpatent application;

FIG. 15 depicts a block diagram of a computer-implemented apparatus thatmay be configured as a gateway node or subsystem operative in an MABRcommunications network of the present invention;

FIGS. 16A and 16B depict block diagrams of a subscriber premises gatewayor node and a subscriber premises configured according to an embodimentof the present invention for delivering select single bitraterepresentations of the media content channels to VD screens in additionto facilitating time-shifting of selected media content channels of asubscriber's VR environment in an example architecture;

FIGS. 17A and 17B are flowcharts of various blocks, steps and/or actsthat may be (re)combined in one or more arrangements, with respect tothe embodiments of FIGS. 6A and//or 6B, in a further embodiment of thepresent invention;

FIGS. 18A and 18B depict further details of a network portion of anexample MABR network architecture of FIG. 1 for facilitating TSTVchannels in a VR environment according to an embodiment for purposes ofthe present patent application;

FIG. 19 depicts further details of a TSTV system that may be used inassociation with the network portion embodiment shown in FIGS. 18A-18B;

FIGS. 20A and 20B relate to example weight assignments and associatedbandwidth allocation for media content channels in a VR environmenthaving five VD screens in an illustrative use case scenario involvingtime-shifting of one or more channels;

FIGS. 21A and 21B relate to example weight assignments and associatedbandwidth allocation for media content channels in a VR environmenthaving five VD screens in another illustrative use case scenarioinvolving time-shifting of one or more channels;

FIGS. 22A and 22B relate to example weight assignments and associatedbandwidth allocation for media content channels in a VR environmenthaving five VD screens in yet another illustrative use case scenarioinvolving time-shifting of one or more channels;

FIGS. 23A and 23B relate to example weight assignments and associatedbandwidth allocation for media content channels in a VR environmenthaving five VD screens in yet another illustrative use case scenarioinvolving time-shifting of one or more channels;

FIGS. 24A and 24B depict portions of a flowchart comprising variousblocks, steps and/or acts that may be (re)combined in one or morearrangements that illustrate a process flow for delivering TS content toa VD screen according to an embodiment of the present invention;

FIGS. 25A-25D are flowcharts of various blocks, steps and/or acts thatmay be (re)combined in one or more arrangements that illustrate variousTSTV-related control processes that may be effectuated according to oneor more embodiments of the present invention;

FIGS. 26A-26D depict portions of a flowchart comprising various blocks,steps and/or acts that may be (re)combined in one or more arrangementsthat illustrate an example channel annealing mechanism for selectingmedia content channel bitrates in view of time-shifting of selectchannels according to one embodiment of the present patent disclosure;

FIGS. 27A-27C are flowcharts of various blocks, steps and/or acts thatmay be (re)combined in one or more arrangements that illustrateadditional TSTV-related processes that may be effectuated according toone or more embodiments of the present invention; and

FIGS. 28A-28C are flowcharts of various blocks, steps and/or acts thatmay be (re)combined in one or more arrangements relating to a exampleprocess of starting a virtual TS session and requesting bitrates for aTS session according to an embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, numerous specific details are set forthwith respect to one or more embodiments of the present patentdisclosure. However, it should be understood that one or moreembodiments may be practiced without such specific details. In otherinstances, well-known circuits, subsystems, components, structures andtechniques have not been shown in detail in order not to obscure theunderstanding of the example embodiments. Accordingly, it will beappreciated by one skilled in the art that the embodiments of thepresent disclosure may be practiced without such specific components. Itshould be further recognized that those of ordinary skill in the art,with the aid of the Detailed Description set forth herein and takingreference to the accompanying drawings, will be able to make and use oneor more embodiments without undue experimentation.

Additionally, terms such as “coupled” and “connected,” along with theirderivatives, may be used in the following description, claims, or both.It should be understood that these terms are not necessarily intended assynonyms for each other. “Coupled” may be used to indicate that two ormore elements, which may or may not be in direct physical or electricalcontact with each other, co-operate or interact with each other.“Connected” may be used to indicate the establishment of communication,i.e., a communicative relationship, between two or more elements thatare coupled with each other. Further, in one or more example embodimentsset forth herein, generally speaking, an element, component or modulemay be configured to perform a function if the element is capable ofperforming or otherwise structurally arranged or programmed undersuitable executable code to perform that function.

As used herein, a network element or node may be comprised of one ormore pieces of service network equipment, including hardware andsoftware that communicatively interconnects other equipment on a network(e.g., other network elements, end stations, etc.), and is adapted tohost one or more applications or services with respect to a plurality ofsubscribers. As such, some network elements may be disposed in awireless radio network environment whereas other network elements may bedisposed in a public packet-switched network infrastructure, includingor otherwise involving suitable content delivery network (CDN)infrastructure. In still further arrangements, one or more networkelements may be disposed in a cloud-based platform or datacenter havingsuitable equipment running virtualized functions or applications.Accordingly, at least some network elements may comprise “multipleservices network elements” that provide support for multiplenetwork-based functions (e.g., A/V media management, session control,Quality of Service (QoS) policy enforcement, bandwidth schedulingmanagement, subscriber/device policy and profile management, contentprovider priority policy management, streaming policy management,network storage policy management, and the like), in addition toproviding support for multiple application services (e.g., data andmultimedia applications). Subscriber end stations, client devices orcustomer premises equipment (CPE) may comprise any device configured toexecute, inter alia, a streaming client application and/or a HTTPdownload application for receiving live/stored media content from one ormore content providers, e.g., via a suitable access network or edgenetwork arrangement based on a variety of access technologies, standardsand protocols. For purposes of one or more embodiments of the presentinvention, an example client device may also comprise a hardwareplatform for running networked or local gaming engines and relatedapplications for effectuating virtual reality environments in asubscriber premises. Such client devices and/or CPE hardware platformsmay therefore include portable laptops, netbooks, palm tops, tablets,mobile phones, smartphones, multimedia/video phones, mobile/wirelessuser equipment, portable media players, portable gaming systems orconsoles (such as the Wii®, Play Station 3®, etc.) and the like that mayaccess or consume live media content/services, stored content servicesor video on demand (VOD) services, time-shifted and/or place-shiftedcontent services, etc. provided over a delivery network or a combinationof networks for purposes of one or more embodiments set forth herein.Further, the client devices may also access or consume content/servicesprovided over broadcast networks (e.g., cable and satellite networks) aswell as a packet-switched wide area public network such as the Internetvia suitable service provider access networks. In a still furthervariation, the client devices or subscriber end stations may also accessor consume content/services provided on virtual private networks (VPNs)overlaid on (e.g., tunneled through) the Internet.

One or more embodiments of the present patent disclosure may beimplemented using different combinations of software, firmware, and/orhardware in one or more modules suitably programmed and/or configured.Thus, one or more of the techniques shown in the Figures (e.g.,flowcharts) may be implemented using code and data stored and executedon one or more electronic devices or nodes (e.g., a subscriber clientdevice or end station, a network element, etc.). Such electronic devicesmay store and communicate (internally and/or with other electronicdevices over a network) code and data using computer-readable media,such as non-transitory computer-readable storage media (e.g., magneticdisks, optical disks, random access memory, read-only memory, flashmemory devices, phase-change memory, etc.), transitory computer-readabletransmission media (e.g., electrical, optical, acoustical or other formof propagated signals—such as carrier waves, infrared signals, digitalsignals), etc. In addition, such network elements may typically includea set of one or more processors coupled to one or more other components,such as one or more storage devices (e.g., non-transitorymachine-readable storage media) as well as storage database(s), userinput/output devices (e.g., a keyboard, a touch screen, a pointingdevice, and/or a display), and network connections for effectuatingsignaling and/or bearer media transmission. The coupling of the set ofprocessors and other components may be typically through one or morebuses and bridges (also termed as bus controllers), arranged in anyknown (e.g., symmetric/shared multiprocessing) or heretofore unknownarchitectures. Thus, the storage device or component of a givenelectronic device or network element may be configured to store codeand/or data for execution on one or more processors of that element,node or electronic device for purposes of implementing one or moretechniques of the present disclosure.

Referring now to the drawings and more particularly to FIG. 1, depictedtherein is an example MABR communications network 100 where one or moreembodiments of the present patent application may be practiced forfacilitating delivery of media content to one or more virtual display(VD) screens of a virtual reality (VR) environment of a subscriberpremises 102. In the context of the present disclosure, an embodiment ofthe MABR communications network 100 may implemented as an end-to-endnetwork architecture for delivering MABR media content (andadvertisement content, where applicable) using any deliveryinfrastructures, e.g., a Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) architecture, aData Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS)-compliant CableModem Termination System (CMTS) architecture, a suitable satelliteaccess architecture or a broadband wireless access architecture. By wayof example and introduction, MABR streaming delivery is broadly setforth herein that is applicable to DSL architectures without necessarilybeing limited thereto. As will be seen below, content may be deliveredusing either multicast ABR techniques or unicast ABR techniques. In aunicast delivery, a subscribing receiver may be provided with a directand unique two-way path through the delivery network all the way back toa serving media server supplying the required data stream. The mainstreaming activity is managed on a one-to-one basis between the receiverand the source server in a communication session. The network betweenthe source server and receiver may typically comprise a series ofintermediate servers installed at network nodes, which may not bedirectly involved in the service but only support the transfer of apacket stream. Typically, the protocols used to support thetransmissions are simple forms of Internet Protocol (IP) itselfaugmented by one or more higher layer protocols to provide flow control.These protocols extend across the span of the network connection betweenthe source server and a given receiver.

A unicast system can support ABR streaming, which allows some form ofrate adaptation. A given service may be encoded at a selection ofdifferent bitrates (known as representations), with synchronisedboundary points at defined locations (e.g., every 50 frames). For eachrepresentation, content between successive boundary points is convertedinto a discrete file. Clients fetch a segment of one of therepresentations in turn. If a higher or a lower bit rate is required,the next segment is fetched from one of the other representations. Thesegments are constructed such that there is no discontinuity in decodedpictures/audio if the client switches between representations at theboundary points. This system may require a unicast two-way path betweensource and receiver to request files and deliver the requested files.

Multicast delivery makes more efficient use of bandwidth by sharingcontent streams among several receivers, wherein the content may beprovided with or without rate adaptation. Intermediate network elements(e.g., routers or switches) are now more closely involved in the servicedelivery such that some control and management functions are delegatedfrom the source server. This control is supported by more extensiveprotocols devised for this type of application such as, e.g., ProtocolIndependent Multicast (PIM) and Internet Group Multicast Protocol(IGMP). When a receiver requests a given media item, the network routersystem finds an existing stream of that content already in the networkand directs a copy of it to that receiver from a serving cable headend,a video head office or an appropriately proximal network node in an edgedistribution network. The requesting receiver may be provided with thecapability to join this existing stream under controlled conditions thatdo not adversely affect existing receivers. Any receiver in this groupmay also be provided with the ability to leave the stream, or pause itsconsumption, without affecting the others. Additionally, there may be animplementation where a video pipe delivering services to a premises isoperative to deliver content to one or more progressive download clientsof the premises that are designed to receive the video in bursts.

Subscriber premises 102, which is served by a suitable broadband pipe110, is illustratively shown in FIG. 1 as having a plurality of clientdevices 104(N), some of which may consume multicast/unicast content innormal real-life consumption scenarios, wherein one or more clientdevices may comprise STBs respectively coupled to or otherwiseintegrated with at least one display device (not specifically shown)and/or associated DVR/PVR or some other internal/external storage 106for recording program content. Additionally, one or more client devicesmay be configured to effectuate a virtual reality (VR) environment 105in conjunction with suitable ancillary devices such as VR headsets,etc., wherein a plurality of virtual display (VD) screens 107-1 to 107-Mmay be effectuated that receive media content channels via HTTPdownloading for purposes an embodiment of the present invention.Accordingly, the client devices 104(N) may include STBs, standaloneDVRs, or other standalone recording/storage devices, as well asVR-capable laptops, PCs, smartphones, tablet/phablet devices, and gamingconsoles (collectively exemplified by VR apparatus (VRA) 109), which maybe provided as part of a premises network disposed in the subscriberpremises 102. As the MABR program content may be encoded using differentencoding schemes (i.e., source encoding), the client devices may beconfigured to operate with one or more coder-decoder (codec)functionalities based on known or hereto unknown standards orspecifications including but not limited to, e.g., Moving PicturesExpert Group (MPEG) codecs (MPEG, MPEG-2, MPEG-4, etc.), H.264 codec,High Efficiency Video Coding or HEVC (H.265) codec, and the like, inorder to receive and render various types of programming content that isdelivered as a plurality of service channels.

As noted, a premises network (not explicitly shown) may be disposed inthe premises 102 for inter-operatively connecting the client devices,including the VR-capable devices, to a suitable premises node or element108 such as a DSL router/gateway or a modem that is operative toeffectuate communications (including bearer and signaling traffic) withrespect to the client devices of premises 102. Regardless of the exactcomposition of the client devices, such a premises network may beimplemented using any suitable wireless or wireline networktechnologies. Although not specifically shown in FIG. 1, it should beappreciated that premises 102 may also include other devices that mayconsume bandwidth for other data and voice communications as previouslynoted. Accordingly, the total bandwidth of subscriber premises pipe 110may be apportioned between or allocated to a virtual video pipe forHTTP-based delivery of managed service channels to the VD screens 107-1to 107-M of the VR environment 105, in addition to data and voice pipes.Furthermore, as will be set forth in detail further below, bandwidth ofthe managed video pipe used for delivering media content channels to theVD screens may be dynamically allocated based on selecting particularsingle bitrates from the available multiple bitrate representations thechannels according to one or more embodiments of the present invention.

For purposes of the present patent application, embodiments concerningmedia content delivery and bandwidth control relative to MABR mediacontent provided to the VD screens 107-1 to 107-M in the premises VRenvironment 105 will therefore be described in detail hereinbelow,without taking further reference to the other client devices of thepremises 102 unless otherwise noted.

As noted above, subscriber premises 102 may be served in an exampleimplementation via an access network architected over DSL infrastructureincluding DSL Access Multiplexer (DSLAM) nodes, broadband networkgateways (BNGs), and the like. Accordingly, the subscriber premisesbandwidth pipe 110 may be disposed between subscriber premises gateway(GW) node 108 and an access aggregation node 112 such as a DSL AccessMultiplexer (DSLAM) node that may be coupled to a suitable IGMP switchor router 114 (e.g., IGMPv2/v3-capable Gigabit Ethernet (GigE) multicastrouter) via a BNG node (not specifically shown in this FIG.). An ABRmanagement agent entity 113 provided with GW 108 is operative foreffectuating suitable IGMP Leave/Join messages, in conjunction withadditional functionalities or structures set forth in detail furtherbelow, with respect to joining, leaving or changing various multicaststreams, as well as bitrate selection and dynamic bandwidth allocationcorresponding to the service channels available to VD screens 107-1 to107-M of the subscriber's VR environment 105.

One or more ABR encoders 124, which may be provided as part of amulticast stream formation (MSF) functionality in one exampleembodiment, are operative to receive a plurality of channel source feeds126-1 to 126-N corresponding to a group of service channels that may beprovided as MABR channels having segmented streams at different bitraterepresentations as will be described in detail below. Typically, the ABRencoder 124 receives live feeds from appropriate communicationsnetworks, although it is possible in an alternative or additionalarrangement for a file-based streamer to read the content files from adisk, e.g., network storage 121, and stream the content streams via anetwork to the ABR encoder 124. Accordingly, the channel source feedsmay comprise a variety of content or programs, e.g., pay TV broadcastprograms delivered via cable networks or satellite networks, free-to-airsatellite TV shows, IPTV programs, time-shifted/place-shifted TV(TS/PSTV) content, and the like. Regardless of how channel source feedsare generated and provided to the ABR encoder 124, a segmentation andgapping (SAG) unit 120 is configured to receive a plurality of encodedMABR streams for each service channel from the MABR encoder 124. Asnoted, each encoded MABR stream corresponds to a particular bitraterepresentation (e.g., 10 megabits per second (Mbs or Mbps) to 500kilobits per second (Kbs or Kbps)) that correspond to various levels ofvideo quality or resolutions) of a specific service channel to which asubscriber may tune for watching on a particular VD screen of the VRenvironment 105. SAG element 120 is operative to generate a segmentedand gapped MABR stream for each encoded MABR stream of each servicechannel in a gapping functionality that may also be provided as part ofan MSF module or node described in further detail below.

In one example additional or alternative implementation, a DVR recordingscheduling node, subsystem or element 122 may be optionally disposed inthe MABR communications network environment 100 that is operative tointerface with one or more client devices of the premises 102, e.g.,interfaces 130A/130B, in order to facilitate recording of TV channelsthat may be presented for viewing on a VD screen. By way ofillustration, an example EPG may be provided as or via an interactivegraphical user interface from which a TV program may be selected forrecording, which may also be available on a VD screen in one examplearrangement.

In accordance with further teachings of the present invention, amulticast ABR bandwidth and QoS policy manager node, element orsubsystem 128 may be provided for interfacing with the multicast VMA(MVMA) functionality 113 executing at GW 108. In one embodiment, theMABR bandwidth/QoS policy manager 128 may be configured to providebandwidth allocation policy information to VMA 113 via suitableinterfaces 132 for effectuating channel joining, channel changing, etc.at appropriate bitrate streams or representations as will be set forthhereinbelow. In addition, a MABR back office node or element 134 may becoupled to MVMA 113 for providing information regarding all multicastservices as well as corresponding MABR bitrates for each servicesupported in the network 100. According to the teachings of the presentinvention, MVMA 113 is operative responsive to the bandwidthallocation/update messages from various entities for joining of multipleservice channels being provided to the subscriber premises, includingMABR streams selected for downloading to the VD screens at selectedbitrates based on channel packing techniques applied to the managed MABRpipe portion of the subscriber premises bandwidth pipe. As part ofchannel joining operations, MVMA 113 may therefore be configured toreceive the segmented and gapped MABR streams for each service channelfrom SAG 120 and join the MABR streams at select bitrate representationsfor facilitating downloading operations by an HTTP server, as will beset forth in additional detail below.

Depending on implementation, one arrangement may involve providing themulticast ABR VMA (MVMA) functionality at a location upstream from IGMProuter 114. Further, in such an arrangement (also referred to as“network agent implementation”), the MVMA functionality may be providedas a virtual machine function (i.e., in a virtualized environmentrunning on a physical/hardware platform) instantiated at a network nodeor element. In a still further arrangement, the MVMA functionality maybe provided in a cloud or at a CDN edge node. Regardless of where it isimplemented, the MVMA functionality has the overall responsibility forjoining multicast service channels, including channels designated forshowing on VD screens of the subscriber's VR environment 105 atappropriate timing reference points, and having suitable bitraterepresentations selected in order to effectuate subscriber pipebandwidth management in an optimal manner. Accordingly, one skilled inthe art will recognize that although in the illustrated arrangement ofFIG. 1, the MVMA functionality 113 is provided at the premises gateway(also referred to as “gateway agent implementation”), the teachings ofthe present application are not necessarily limited thereto.

Accordingly, regardless of where an example MVMA node is implemented, itis generally configured to receive appropriately joined segmented/gappedMABR streams corresponding to the multicast service channels from SAGfunctionality 120. Furthermore, SAG functionality 120 and encoderfunctionality 124 may be combined into an integrated MSF functionalityas noted above. Attention is now directed to FIG. 14 that depicts ablock diagram of an apparatus 1400 operative as a multicast ABR encoderand gapper for segmenting or packaging content channels for purposes ofan embodiment of the present patent application. Apparatus 1400 isadvantageously configured for creating a set of segmented streamrepresentations and forming bursts with respect to a media service,which segmented streams may be provided with suitable inter-segment gapsthat allow channel operations such as channel joining, channel leaving,switching, splicing in or splicing out, channel (re)multiplexing, etc.as part of downstream operations (e.g., at MVMA functionality 113 inconjunction with IGMP switch 114). In an example implementation,apparatus 1400 may receive an input feed 1402 of content per service(e.g., corresponding to any of channel source feeds 126-1 to 126-N inFIG. 1) at an input block 1406 that fans the feed to a plurality ofencoders/transcoders 1408-1 to 1408-N, which generate, in parallel, aset of representations of the content at different bitrates. Therepresentations can differ in video resolution depending on the bitrateof encoding. A timing generator 1404 outputs a signal that determinesthe boundary point of the segments. For example, this functionality mayoutput a signal once per 50 frames (2 seconds), or at any other suitabletime interval. The signal output by generator 1404 is applied to all ofthe parallel encoders 1408-1 to 1408-N for that service. Advantageously,the set of coders 1408-1 to 1408-N can close a Group of Pictures (GOP)and a boundary point insertion unit 1412 can insert in-band signalingsuch as a Random Access Point (RAP) and a Boundary Point (BP). Theoutputs of the set of coders 1408-1 to 1408-N are the set ofrepresentations 1410 which have time-aligned and/or frame-alignedsegments. The representations 1410 are applied to a burst generator unit1418 that creates the bursts separated by window periods (e.g., on theorder of tens or hundreds of milliseconds). In operation, unit 1418 maybe configured to play out data at a higher bit rate than the bit rate atwhich data was received to create the bursts and is operative torecognize the start and end of segments in the representations 1410 bydetecting suitable signaling markers (e.g. the in-band BP signalinginserted by the encoders).

Multicast address information may be added at an IP adaptation stage,which can occur at, for example, a GW node hosting the MVMAfunctionality or at a node further upstream (e.g., in a network nodeimplementation). Multicast IP datagrams have a destination IP addressthat is set to be in a range reserved for multicast. In FIG. 14,reference numeral 1424 refers to a bundle of IP-addressed streamsgenerated by the apparatus 1400. It should be appreciated that theapparatus shown in FIG. 14 can operate on data at one of variouspossible levels. In one advantageous scheme, data may be encoded intoTransport Stream (TS) packets at a normal rate and the burst generatorunit 1418 operates on TS packets. Transport Stream packets can beadapted into IP packets before burst generator unit 1418 at adaptationblock 1416, or after unit 1418 at adaptation block 1422. Anotheralternative is to form bursts before any packetization (at TS or IPlevel), but this may be less desirable.

FIG. 14 further illustrates several possible places where end of burstsignaling can be added. Each encoder 1408-1 to 1408-N can include an endof burst signal insertion unit 1414 that adds an information elementindicating the end of a burst into the encoded data, which includes aheader of the TS packets. Alternatively, the burst generator unit 1418can include an end of burst signal insertion unit 1420 arranged toinsert an information element indicating the end of a burst into each ofthe bursts. Where end of burst signaling is provided as a multicast(with same or different address), the multicast can be generated at theedge network node.

Typically, a network operator may receive a media content service feedfrom a service provider, which may then be converted to streams orchannels having the right characteristics for the edge distributionnetwork and end users of the network. Although FIG. 14 shows a set ofencoders/transcoders 1408-1 to 1408-N configured to operate upon aninput data stream 1402 to form the multiple representations at differentbitrates, such a stage may be bypassed where a set of representations atdifferent bitrates already exist (e.g., by way of a separate encoder 124as shown in FIG. 1). Accordingly, it should be understood that multiplerepresentations for a media content service channel can be generated ata point of origin into the MABR communications network or could besupplied by a service provider, wherein the multiple representations caninclude various quality definitions, e.g., Standard Definition (SD),High Definition (HD), Ultra HD, etc., of the same content. A skilledartisan will recognize that the duration of the window period (e.g., 200to 300 milliseconds or thereabouts) introduced in a segmented stream isof sufficient magnitude for a multicast receiver to leave onerepresentation of the stream and join a different representation at adifferent bitrate or an entirely different media stream, at appropriatetiming reference points, e.g., stream access points (SAPs), which may beaccomplished by issuing appropriate IGMP Leave and Join message, withoutincurring too much latency or delay in VR environments.

A potential consequence of adding window periods or gaps to thetransmitted streams is that the flow of content may become jitteredbeyond the level that normal packet transmission produces. This can beaccommodated by buffering provided within an intermediary receptionapparatus, e.g., MVMA functionality 113. The window period duration willinfluence the amount of jitter produced and so there is an optimum sizethat is related to the worst-case response times of the chain ofrouters/servers delivering the content. This time is taken for switchesto recognize and implement all those steps that are required to keep thestream flowing, including the potential need for the multicast contentto be found at or near the source server. For segment durations of theorder of about 2 seconds, a possible value of the window period isaround 330 milliseconds. The window size is a function of theresponsiveness of the network to support multicast Leave and Joinfunctions and it will be appreciated that the window period can bemodified to a higher or lower value. More generally, the window periodcould have a value selected from the range of 0.1 ms and 10 seconds and,more advantageously, the range 10 ms-350 ms. As switches and routersincrease in performance, it is possible that the window duration can bereduced to the lower end of the ranges stated above. In oneimplementation of the MVMA functionality, a 300 ms gap and suitablebuffering may allow MVMA 113 (in the gateway agent implementation shownin FIG. 1) to perform IGMP Leave and Join operations for seamlessswitching of regular multicast service channel content with respect tochannel tuning/change requests as well as tuning to appropriate servicechannels at scheduled recording times as per requests from VR-capableclient devices. Whereas the segmented/gapped MABR streams for variousservice channels are received at receive ports of the MVMA node withmulticast addresses changing on the fly, the downstream port addresses(i.e., to the premises) are fixed, corresponding the various servicechannels, to which IGMP Join operations are ultimately propagated fromthe subscriber stations. Additional details regarding multicastsegmented stream formation and channel joining/leaving techniques may befound in commonly owned PCT Application No. PCT/EP2012/070960, titled “AMETHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DISTRIBUTING A MEDIA CONTENT SERVICE”, filedOct. 23, 2012, in the name(s) of Anthony Richard Jones, now published asWO2014/063726, incorporated by reference herein.

FIG. 2 depicts a network portion or subsystem 200 that may be arrangedas at least part of an apparatus for facilitating delivery of mediacontent as multi-bit gapped MABR segment streams in a MABR networkarchitecture 100 of FIG. 1 according to one embodiment. In particular,subsystem 200 shows further details of an example implementation of SAGfunctionality 120 that is operative to generate a set of gapped streams(e.g., having ˜300 ms gaps between SAPs of two segments (i.e., inter-SAPgap)) with respect to a particular service channel feed 202 that may betuned to by a user operating a VR-capable client device of thesubscriber premises 102 for presentation on a VD screen, wherein thechannel feed 202 is illustrative of the service channels 126-1 to 126-Nshown in FIG. 1. Consistent with the description above, the channel feed202 may be received by MABR encoder/transcoder 124 for generating aplurality of encoded (and unsegmented) streams encoded at, e.g., 10 Mbsto 500 Kbs (i.e., multiple bitrate or multi-bitrate representations) asexemplified by reference numeral 220, which may be processed ascorresponding segmented streams 222 by the segmenter/packager 120.

In one embodiment, SAG 120 may be configured to transmit all possiblebitrates for services that are identified as multicast services to thenext element downstream as per the standard multicast operations. Wherethe MVMA functionality is embodied in a network agent implementation, itis typically the downstream recipient of the regular multicastgapped/segmented streams 222 with respect to each service channel. In agateway agent implementation, such streams are provided to the IGMProuter 114, as shown in the illustrative arrangement of FIG. 2, whereinthe IGMP router 114 may pass along streams for only those channels thatare active, as shown by example downstream bundle 224 propagatingtowards DSLAM node 112 (and ultimately to the premises gateway node'sMVMA functionality, which issues suitable Join/Leave messages withrespect to the particular segment streams having the select bitraterepresentations). As will be described below, the MVMA functionality ismodulated based on, inter alia, messages provided by the VR-capabledevice effectuating the VR environment 105 in reference to thesubscriber's field of view within the VR environment 105 relative to theplacement of VD screens 107-1 to 107-M therein.

FIGS. 3A-3C depict further details of a network portion comprised ofsub-portions 300A-300C of an example MABR network architecture of FIG. 1for providing gapped MABR segment streams as media content channels to aplurality of subscriber premises via respective broadband delivery pipes318-1 to 318-N according to an embodiment for purposes of the presentpatent application. Various video source feeds 302-1 to 302-N arerepresentative of N media content channels or service channels that areprovided to corresponding ABR encoders 304-1 to 304-N (which in anexample implementation may be integrated into one or more encoderblocks), that in turn encode multi-bitrate representations of eachservice channel (e.g., 6 Mbs to 400 Kbs), similar to the descriptionprovided hereinabove. A segmentation/gapper unit 306 comprises a segmentcache 308 that stores the segmented streams may be provided with asuitable gapper 310 as described previously. For example, N gappedservices in multiple representations are illustrated wherein an examplesegment size or duration may comprise 4 seconds, with 300 ms gap betweenSAPs. IGMP 312 and BNG 314 (also referred to as a broadband remoteaccess server or BRAS) are operative to join different representationsof each service to DSLAM 316, which is operative to effectuate apoint-to-point communications link to each subscriber premises viarespective pipes 318-1 to 318-N. It should be noted that each pipecarries only one single bitrate per active service channel (i.e., themedia content channel being viewed on a VD screen). Accordingly, eachbroadband pipe may be carrying different services (as single bitratesegmented streams) and at different bitrates to the subscriber premises.

FIGS. 4A and 4B depict a system diagram of a gateway implementation400A/400B of an embodiment of the present invention wherein a blockdiagram of a subscriber premises gateway or node 402 may be configuredaccording to the teachings of the instant patent application. Broadly,GW 402 includes a VMA node or functionality 420 (analogous to MVMA 113of FIG. 1) that is operative to generate a single bitrate manifest (inorder to prevent the client device from choosing the bitrates as istypical in an ABR environment), and to facilitate delivery of thestreams, segment by segment, requested by the clients while controllingthe bitrate(s), via HTTP-based downloading. Thus, an embodiment of GW402 of the present invention may be advantageously configured fordelivering select single bitrate representations of the media contentchannels to VD screens of a subscriber's VR environment in an examplearchitecture without the greedy behavior associated with typical ABRclients (which can cause undesirable latency/lagging issues in VRenvironments).

It will be recognized that according to one embodiment the MABR VMAfunctionality 420 may be realized as a virtual function or virtualmachine on a host hardware/software platform (e.g., GW 402) or in acloud data center. As described previously, a plurality of MABRgapped/segmented streams comprising various bitrate representations ofmulticast service channels may be received by node 402 at correspondingmulticast IP addresses, which may be changing on the fly depending onthe IGMP Join/Leave operations. A segment cache 424 is provided whereina plurality of segments corresponding to one or more active multicastservice channels having potentially different bitrate qualities may bestored. A virtual pipe or stream bandwidth manager 428 that may be partof an overall bandwidth and policy management module 426 is operative inconjunction with the segment cache 426 to manage a subscriber premisesbandwidth pipe or pipe portion allocated for multicast IPTV/videoservices delivered to VD screens via HTTP download/delivery, whereinsuitable IGMP Join/Leave messages may be generated/provided viainterface 425 with respect to selected bitrate streams

By way of example, subscriber premises 404 illustrates a VR device 408operative with a VR-capable client (not specifically shown) that cancreate or otherwise effectuate a VR space 406 according to known orheretofore unknown VR technologies, wherein virtual TV screens 409-1 to409-5 (e.g., representative of VD screens 107-1 to 107-M shown inFIG. 1) are illustrated. In accordance with the teachings of the presentinvention, the virtual pipe and stream bandwidth manager 428 isoperative to effectuate channel/stream joining and leaving operationswith respect to suitable bitrate representations of gapped servicechannel streams under IGMP Join and Leave operations responsive to, forexample, stream weight updates received from the VR device 408 viainterface 405. An ABR manifest generator 430 is configured forgenerating a manifest 411 indicating single bit representations of eachof the joined or active media content channel segments stored in thesegment cache 420 of the gateway node 402, which manifest may beprovided via interface 407 to the client/VR device 408. A HyperTextTransfer Protocol (HTTP) server 432 is configured to deliver segments ofthe media content channels at respective single bitrates selected basedon a channel bandwidth annealing mechanism using stream weight updatesreceived from the VR device 408. By way of a non-limiting example,suitable http-based request and response messages (e.g., http getrequests) may be generated for obtaining media content segments forpresentation on the VD screens. In one arrangement, single bitrates maybe selected for optimally allocating the bandwidth of the managed videopipe serving the virtual TV screens of the VR environment based on achannel annealing mechanism as will be set forth in detail below.

Turning to FIG. 5, depicted therein is an example VR environmenteffectuated by a VR device of a subscriber for presenting a plurality ofVD screens according to an embodiment for purposes of the present patentdisclosure. GW 502 associated with subscriber premises 500 is served bya delivery pipe 504 for providing media content channels to VD screens522-1 to 522-K effectuated in a VR theater or environment 520. As oneskilled in the art will recognize, virtual reality (or VR) is a computertechnology that uses software-generated realistic images, sounds andother sensations to replicate a real environment or an imaginarysetting, and simulates a user's physical presence in the simulatedenvironment to enable the user to interact with any portion of thespace. A person using virtual reality equipment is typically able to“look around” the artificial world, move about in it and interact withfeatures or items that are depicted. Virtual realities artificiallycreate sensory experiences, which can include sight, touch, hearing,etc. and may simulate real world scenarios such as, e.g., virtual coffeeshops, virtual sports bars, multi-screen theaters, in addition to 3-Denvironments such as virtual worlds created for gaming. An example VRapparatus may comprise a CPE hardware platform 506 served by GW 502,such as a gaming console, laptop, or a smartphone, for example, thatexecutes one or more VR-based gaming or media applications to providesuitable signals to one or more VR-enabling devices such as a displaydevice 516 mounted to or on a user's head 518. Additional examples ofsuch devices may comprise visors, goggles, wired headgear or helmets,masks, etc. that can display or effectuate an immersive VR spacesurrounding the user. In an example display device, there maybeadditional instrumentation such as a gyroscope, accelerometer and amagnetometer, etc., to facilitate head tracking, i.e., when the user 518moves her head, the field of view around the simulated space may moveaccordingly. Thus, in a head-tracking VR headset, the cone of view orfield of view in front of the user shifts as the user looks up, down andmoves side to side or angles her head. An example system may include theso-called 6 DoF (six degrees of freedom) arrangement that can plot theuser's head in terms of x, y and z axes to measure head movementsforward and backwards, side to side and shoulder to shoulder, also knownas pitch, yaw and roll, which may be used for tracking the user's pointof view within the VR space.

By way of illustration, CPE 506 may be embodied as a platform 508including one or more processors 526, volatile andnonvolatile/persistent memory 524, input/output (I/O) interfaces 530(e.g., touch screens, gaming controllers, hand-tracking gloves, etc.),as well as one or more media/gaming applications 528 that can effectuateVR space 520 for the user 518 wearing head-mounted display (HMD) 516. Inone example arrangement, HMD 518 may be wirelessly coupled to CPE 506via wireless interface 512. Additional VR-capable CPE 514 (e.g., atablet/smartphone) may also be separately or optionally provided.Example VR apparatus 514/516 operating in conjunction with HMD 516 maybe operative to effectuate VR space 520 that is an immersive VRenvironment in which the user 518 can move her point of view in full360° in one of a vertical plane, a horizontal plane, or both planes,defined in the VR environment. In an additional or alternativearrangement, VR apparatus 514/516 operating in conjunction with HMD 516may be operative to effectuate VR space 520 that may be immersive butthe user 518 can only move her point of view in less than 360° along anyone of the axes.

As noted above, VR space 520 may simulate a VR environment havingmultiple VD screens (VDSs) 522-1 to 522-K that may comprise one or morevirtualized TV screens, virtualized gaming monitors, virtualizedtablets, virtualized phablets, virtualized computer monitors, andvirtualized projector screens, that may have various sizes, shapes, formfactors, and aspect ratios, wherein each may be adapted to display amedia content channel according to the corresponding VR media/gamingapplications being run by the VR apparatus 514/516. In one arrangement,example VD screens may be presented or placed within the VR space acrossa front wall, sidewalls, top ceiling and a back wall, as well as along afloor, at different distances (e.g., predetermined) from the viewer'shead and from one another, to simulate a variety of real-world settingsand scenarios, e.g., a sports bar with several TV screens showingvarious TV channels. Further, such VD screens may be “turned on” or“turned off” in a VR application, e.g., by the subscriber or thesubscriber's guest (in a shared VR space, for instance). One willrecognize that such media content channels may comprise live TVchannels, time-shifted (TS) TV channels, place-shifted (PS) TV channels,gaming channels, VOD channels and/or public service announcementchannels. Additionally, a plurality of decoder buffers 525 may beprovided as part of an example VR platform corresponding to theplurality of media content channels being shown on the VDSs of a VRspatial environment.

A movement detection and stream weight assignment module 510 isoperative to detect a movement in a point of view of the user/subscriber518 with respect to the VR space 520 and assign/adjust weights of theVDSs and associated media channels based on the VD screens' placementrelative to where the subscriber's point of view is and/or whether theVD screens are within the subscriber's field of view/vision, as thesubscriber 518 shifts her gaze from one VD screen to another within theVR space 520. As noted above, the stream weights or their updates may beadvantageously provided to GW 502 for facilitating dynamic bitratecontrol as will be described in detail further below.

Broadly, an example embodiment of the present invention relates toadjusting, updating, (re)assigning stream weights or priorities given toor otherwise associated with media content channels showing on VDscreens of a VR environment based on where the user/subscriber islooking, and utilizing the updated or (re)assigned stream weights in achannel annealing mechanism to determine or otherwise select singlebitrates that optimize the bandwidth allocation of a media pipe servingthe VR environment. In accordance with the teachings of the presentinvention, movement in the subscriber's point of view may be determinedby the subscriber's VR headset or in combination with the VR platformresponsive to the subscriber's head movement. In some arrangements,ocular movement may also be monitored and used in combination with thehead movement for updating the stream weights. If a VD screen is closeto where the subscriber is gazing, the media content channel showing onthat VD screen may be assigned or updated to have a higher weight. Onthe other hand, if a VD screen is away from the subscriber's gaze, themedia content channel associated with that VD screen may be given alower weight. Further, if a VD screen is outside the subscriber's fieldof view or vision (FOV), e.g., beyond peripheral vision, the mediacontent channel may be given a lowest minimum weight in order toconserve the bandwidth of the MABR media pipe serving the VRenvironment. In still further embodiments, media content channels on theVD screens that are completely outside the subscriber's FOV may besuspended and time-shifted for playback at a later time when the VDscreens do come into the subscriber's FOV as the subscriber scans the VRspace and gazes across the multiple VD screens to watch differentchannels, e.g., depending on audiovisual cues provided in a program.Further details regarding these and other embodiments will be describedbelow by taking reference to the remaining drawing Figures of thisdisclosure.

FIGS. 6A and 6B are flowcharts of various blocks, steps and/or acts thatmay be (re)combined in one or more arrangements, with or withoutadditional flowcharts of the present disclosure, for facilitating abitrate control process in delivering media content channels to VDscreens according to an embodiment. Process 600A shown in FIG. 6Acommences with detection of a movement in a subscriber's point of viewor line of view within a VR environment comprising a plurality of VDscreens (block 602). Angular distances of the various VD screens may bemeasured, e.g., in radians or degrees, from a reference axis or linewithin a field of view of the VR environment (block 604). Given the 3Dimmersive VR environment, which may be spherical or otherwisecurvilinear, the field of view of the subscriber may be partitioned intovarious sectors or cones (depending on whether angles in 2D or 3D arebeing measured) with respect to the reference axis. A predetermined(re)assignment of weights or updates may be provided (block 606) for theVD screens and corresponding media content channels depending on wherethe VD screens are within different sectors of the FOV, with the mediacontent channels on the VD screens closest to the reference axis beingaccorded a highest value. As the VD screens that are progressivelyfarther from the reference axis (either in horizontal or in verticalplane) capture less attention of the subscriber, the media contentchannels showing thereon may therefore have progressively lower weights.In one embodiment, even those VD screens that are outside thesubscriber's FOV, e.g., those that are behind the subscriber in the VRspace, may be given a non-null weight (i.e., non-zero weight) so as toensure that all the bandwidth of the media pipe is allocated.Thereafter, the assigned/updated weights may be provided by the VRdevice/headset to a bandwidth annealing mechanism executing at thegateway for facilitating selection of a single bitrate per media contentchannel (from the available multi-bitrate representations), e.g.,allocation or reallocation of bandwidth, as set forth at block 608.

In another embodiment, process 600B shown in FIG. 600B involvesassigning a null weight to the media content channels that are on VDscreens determined to be completely outside the subscriber's FOV (block622). Such null-weighted media content channels may be time-shifted(block 624) according to the teachings of the present patent disclosure.Weights associated with the remaining non-time-shifted media channelsmay be used in channel annealing for selecting proper bitrates (i.e.,selecting a single bitrate representation per media content channel), asset forth at block 626, whereupon the suitable bitrate stream may bejoined by the gateway and the segments thereof may be cached fordownloading to the VD screens via HTTP delivery. As and when thesubscriber's point of view may be reoriented within the VR space, one ormore TS media content channels may resume playback, wherein thebandwidth may be reallocated based on the reassigned or updated weightsprovided by the VR device (block 628), which will be described inadditional detail further below.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart of various blocks, steps and/or acts that may be(re)combined with additional flowcharts of the present patent disclosurein one or more embodiments for facilitating a bitrate control scheme 700in additional detail. At block 702, a movement in a point of view of asubscriber in relation to a first reference axis with respect to the VDscreens' placement within a VR environment may be detected, determinedor otherwise obtained, e.g., using various known or heretofore unknowntracking technologies operative in a VR application. One skilled in theart will recognize that in one embodiment when the VR environment isfirst effectuated with a number of VD screens presented/placed atseveral locations within the VR space, the subscriber's initial gaze maydefine a first reference axis in the 3D scenario simulated in the VRenvironment. Further, a first reference axis may be any arbitrary,initial line of view or sight of the subscriber (e.g., at any timeduring a VR session) from which the subscriber's point of view moveswithin the VR spatial environment as her head moves (e.g., by adesignated amount and/or within a predetermined amount of time),resulting in a second reference axis within the VR environment whereineach VD screen is configured to receive a media content channel. Atblock 704, angular distances (e.g., either 3D or 2D angles) of each ofthe VD screens relative to the second reference axis may be computedusing applicable curvilinear geometries (e.g., spherical, ellipsoidal,3D-parabolic spaces, etc.) relative to creating the simulated VR spatialenvironment. Responsive to the determination of the angular distances(which may be computed along the vertical and/or horizontal planes, asnoted previously), stream weights, priorities or other metrics (e.g.,relative or otherwise) may be assigned to, initialized and/or updatedfor each of the media content channels based on the angular distance ofthe corresponding VD screens relative to the second reference axis(block 706). One skilled in the art will recognize that partitioning ofthe VR spatial environment based on such angular distances relative to areference axis may be effectuated at varying levels of granularity.Further, the stream weights may be determined, configured or modulatedbased on subscriber, operator and/or content provider policies as wellin some example embodiments. As noted previously, the subscriber's VRdevice is operative to provide the updated/assigned stream weights to agateway node serving the subscriber premises (block 708), preferablysending only those updates/weights that have changed since priorupdating (e.g., a “delta” compression may be applied), in order tominimize the control communications overhead. Responsive to the receivedstream weight updates, bandwidth of a managed bandwidth pipe may be(re)allocated based on the relative weights of the media contentchannels for delivering the media content channels to the subscriber'sVR environment (e.g., by selecting a single bitrate of the MABR channelsegments for each media channel responsive to a channel packing orbandwidth annealing mechanism), whereupon appropriate manifest(s) may beprovided to the VR device, as set forth at block 710.

One skilled in the art will further recognize that although angulardistances or deviations are specifically set forth herein, suitablemetric distances (e.g., distances between two lines projected on acurved space) may also be used in weight assignment computations in analternative embodiment of the present invention.

An example channel annealing scheme of the present invention isoperative to choose or converge to a model in which bandwidth of amanaged MABR pipe serving the VD screens of a VR environment may beredistributed optimally among the various media content channels sharingthe assigned pipe based on the updated stream weights that may becontinually changing responsive to the head movements of the VRsubscriber. Accordingly, an already existing channel of the managed MABRpipe may experience lowering of its bandwidth, e.g., all the way down toits default value or to some other intermediate value in order to fitwithin the pipe, depending on its weight. Additionally or alternatively,bandwidth of the channels that are not being watched (e.g., in thecontext of time-shifted media channels) may be repurposed or reclaimedin order to improve the quality of the other channels of the media pipe.In one example implementation, selection of single bitrates of channelsthat can be packed into the media pipe serving the VR environment (whichmay be referred to as a “VR media pipe” that may be part of an overallsubscriber premises bandwidth pipe), may be based on what is referred toherein as “inadequacy metric” that is used for selecting which streamsare eligible for a bandwidth upgrade during annealing (i.e., iterativelychanging bandwidth until no further optimal reallocation can be made).Basically, the inadequacy metric (IM) may be considered as a measure ofhow far out of balance an allocation to a stream is with regard to itspriority/weight and the priority/weight of the other streams. Severalexamples of determining the inadequacy metric are listed below, althoughother measures of an imbalance can be used in practicing the disclosedembodiments. In one example methodology, given a list of channels andthe ABR bandwidths available for each channel, the channels are firstsorted by their priority (or other parameters relating to channelweight). A select minimum bandwidth version of the channel is added tothe pipe plan. If the channel's minimum bandwidth does not fit (i.e.,the pipe is overbooked), then it does not go in the pipe plan and theprocess moves on to the next channel for further iterations to see howmuch of an upgrade can be made to the pipe plan. As the channels in thelist are sorted by the inadequacy metric, the process can start with themost inadequate channel allocation for attempting to upgrade thebandwidth to the next highest available version of a channel. As pointedabove, if the upgrade does not fit within the pipe, that upgrade isskipped and the scheme proceeds to the next most inadequate channel. Oneskilled in the art should realize that a further variation inoptimization may be where channels whose upgrade is impossible, they canbe removed from consideration for the rest of the annealing loop. Once achannel is selected for upgrade, the inadequacy metric is recomputed andthe scheme restarts the annealing loop, which may be configured to endwhen no channels can be upgraded to fit into the bandwidth allocation ofa MABR virtual pipe serving the VR environment.

Several different inadequacy metrics can be implemented in practicingthe foregoing scheme. In one example, the metric may be defined as aratio of channel priority or weight to the bitrate, which guides thechannel allocation toward a situation where each channel has a share ofthe bandwidth of the pipe proportional to its weight or priority.Another formulation could be a ratio of channel weight to its “quality”,which can be quantized in some fashion (e.g., some function of thebitrate). A more complicated version might take into account the amountof action in a scene of the content, allowing bitrates to vary accordingto content. For instance, an action scene might get more of the pipeuntil the stream reaches a calmer moment in the content, at which pointit returns bandwidth to the other streams in the pipe. In a stillfurther variation, the IM may be defined as a function:IM=1/rate∥weight, where ∥ means a relative comparison of entities havingdifferent components.

For example, when comparing two metrics such as a1∥b1 and a2∥b2, wecompare the first parts first. If the first parts are unequal, we usethe first parts to determine the comparison. If the first parts areequal, then we compare the next part to determine the comparison. So, byway of illustration, 1∥100<2∥1, but 1∥100>1∥5. Given that definition, itcan be seen that the 1/rate∥priority metric may result in all streamsbeing allocated similar bandwidth. Regardless of how the IM is defined,each iteration of the annealing loop may be configured to upgrade thechannel with the least bandwidth, and when there are multiple channelsat the least bandwidth, it will upgrade the highest priority one first.

It should be noted that at least some of the bandwidth allocation and/orreallocation operations as well as channel joining operations responsivethereto set forth in the present disclosure make take place using anumber of foregoing channel packing techniques that may involve pipemodeling schemes based on various pieces of parametric information suchas composite device priorities (CDP), IM parametrics, and the like,potentially/preferably in conjunction with operator-, subscriber-,and/or content-based policy rules, wherein, for example, a new channelor an existing channel's particular bitrate representation may be addedto the VR bandwidth pipe based on inadequacy metrics used for selectingwhich streams are eligible for a bandwidth upgrade during annealing(i.e., iteratively changing bandwidth until no further optimalreallocation can be made).

In some additional or alternative embodiments, a CDP-based channelpacking may be employed in an annealing process involving MABR and/orUBAR video streams of the video pipe serving a subscriber premises.Additional details with respect to bandwidth divider implementations(e.g., dividing the total video pipe into a MABR portion and a UABRportion), as well as metrics-based stream management may be found in oneor more of the following commonly owned U.S. patent application(s): (i)“UNICAST ABR STREAMING” (Ericsson Ref. No.: P43082-US1), applicationSer. No. 14/246,920, filed Apr. 2, 2014, in the name(s) of ChristopherPhillips et al., and (ii) MERGING MULTICAST ABR AND UNICAST ABR WITHPROGRESSIVE DOWNLOAD ABR IN A CUSTOMER PREMISES DEVICE WITHIN THE SAMEVIDEO DELIVERY PIPE” (Ericsson Ref. No.: P43011-US1), application Ser.No. 14/246,880, filed Apr. 2, 2014, in the name(s) of ChristopherPhillips et al., which are hereby incorporated by reference.

FIGS. 8A and 8B depict portions of a flowchart of various blocks, stepsand/or acts that may be (re)combined in one or more arrangements thatillustrate an example weight (re)assignment and/or weight updatingprocess 800A/800B according to one embodiment of the present patentdisclosure. A skilled artisan will recognize that an embodiment ofprocess 800A/800B may be executed at or in combination with asubscriber's VR device based on detecting the subscriber's head movementor motion to decide or determine the weights associated with VD screens,using the underlying principle that VD screens being looked at directlyhave more weight than those in the peripheral vision, which in turn havemore weight than those VD screens outside of view (i.e., non-visible VDscreens). At block 802, subscriber's VR device headset detects thesubscriber's head movement. Responsive thereto, existing weights for allVD screens or TVs may be cleared (block 804). In this exampleembodiment, accordingly, each time a head movement is detected, theweights are cleared or otherwise initialized for the subsequent processflow. At block 806, the VR device calculates angles for each VD screenin relation of the subscriber's field of vision. A weightassignment/updating loop 808 is then executed for each VD screen, whichinvolves the following in an example implementation. At blocks 810, 812,a degree field or a line of field from the center of a VD screen to thecenter of the VR display device (or some other reference point withrespect to the VR display device) is calculated, which is comparedagainst a cone of high visibility (e.g., within ±33 degrees), as setforth at block 814. If the VD screen is within this cone, the mediacontent channel associated with that VD screen is set to having a highweight value of 3.0. Otherwise, a series of further determinations maybe made as set forth in FIG. 8B (e.g., depending on the granularity ofcomparison cones or sectors used in partitioning the subscriber's fieldof vision), e.g., as set forth at blocks 818, 826. If there is no mediacontent channel associated with a VD screen that is determined to bewithin a cone, weight assignment for that channel may be skipped (e.g.,as set forth at blocks 820, 824, 825, 828). Otherwise, the media contentchannels of the VD screens located in different visibility cones orsectors are (re)assigned weights of 1.5 (e.g., a medium value, as setforth at block 822), 0.75 (e.g., a low value set forth at block 830), or0.353 (e.g., a still lower value set forth at block 834 responsive to adetermination at block 832). After executing the weight assignment loop808 for each VD screen, the flow exits (block 836).

FIGS. 9A-9D depict portions of a flowchart of various blocks, stepsand/or acts that may be (re)combined in one or more arrangements thatillustrate an example channel annealing mechanism 900A-900D for dynamicselection of media content channel bitrates for optimizing bandwidthallocation of a subscriber bandwidth pipe based on stream channelweights/updates according to one embodiment of the present patentdisclosure. At block 902, a MABR bandwidth control agent or module(e.g., associated with a VMA) receives a Join or Leave request withrespect to the media content channels being provided to the VRenvironment. If the request is a Leave request (as per determination atblock 904), the channel is removed from the target channel list used forannealing or channel packing (block 906). If the request is a Joinrequest, a further determination is made as to whether the streamsegments are currently being delivered to the VD screen (block 908). Ifnot, a “listener” process or module may be started for monitoringdynamic bandwidth channel changes (block 910). Otherwise, the channel isadded to an active channel list (block 912), which feeds into an MABRvirtual pipe allocation mechanism for modeling or re-modeling bandwidthallocations for the active channels (block 914). As set forth at block916, policy management changes, if any, with respect to MABR virtualpipe allocation may also be input (e.g., from an MABR back office) intothe modeling process.

The active channel list may be sorted, e.g., in a descending order basedon a priority value, as set forth at block 915, whereupon a packingiteration loop 918 may be executed for each active channel. First, adetermination may be made whether the channel's lowest bitraterepresentation may be accommodated into the modeled or simulatedbandwidth pipe (block 920). If so, the channel is added to a list ofapplied channels along with a priority for that channel (block 922).Otherwise, a further determination is made at block 924 as to whetherthere is a policy change to decreasing the pipe size. If so, the channelis added to a skipped channel list (block 928). If the channel is notthe same as the new/requested channel (block 926), it is either added tothe list of the applied channels (block 922) or to the skipped channellist (block 928).

In the exemplary embodiment of annealing flow 900A-D shown in FIGS.9A-9D, a message or warning 940 may be provided with respect to eachchannel in the skipped channels list as set forth at a message loopprocess 938. For each channel in the applied channels list, a weightapplication process 932 is executed wherein the weight/update receivedfor the channel, e.g., via the listener monitoring (block 930) providedfor the joined channels, as set forth at block 934. The applied channelslist is then sorted based on the weights, e.g., in descending order, asset forth at block 936, whereupon a bitrate upgrade loop process 942 isexecuted for each of the applied channels for arriving at an optimalbitrate for each channel. A determination is made whether the channelcan be upgraded to the next highest bitrate using the existing MABRchannel bandwidth allocation (block 944). If so, the bitrate for thatchannel is changed to that next highest bitrate (block 946). Otherwise,no upgrading is performed for that channel and process loop returns tothe next channel in the weight-sorted applied channel list (block 948).

Upon exiting the bitrate upgrade loop process 942, an IGMP loop process950 is performed, which involves determining whether the channel at theselected single bitrate representation is already connected to thecorrect IGMP node/port (block 952). If so, that channel is skipped andthe loop process iterates to the next channel's single bitrate (block954). If the channel at the selected bitrate is not already joined tothe correct IGMP, an IGMP Join operation is performed to connect to themulticast stream having the calculated/selected multicast bitrate (block956). As one skilled in the art will recognize upon having referencehereto, the channel packing processes and/or sub-processes of flow900A-D may therefore involve one or more bandwidth pipe modeling andannealing mechanisms set forth hereinabove.

Turning to FIGS. 10A/10B to 13A/13B, various illustrative use casescenarios relating to example weight assignments and associatedbandwidth allocations for media content channels in a VR environment orVR space having five VD screens are set forth therein, where auser/subscriber changes or shifts her viewpoints in relation to the VRspatial environment she is immersed in. In the example scenario 1000Ashown in FIG. 10A, subscriber 1015 is disposed in a VR space 1002 havingfive VD screens or virtual TVs (VTVs) VTV-1 to VTV-5 (referred to byreference numerals 1004-1 to 1004-5) at or along different “walls” ofthe space 1002. As the subscriber 1015 is not viewing any VTVs directly,each of the VTVs is given a minimum available weight, e.g., 0.353. Toprevent the VTVs from being completely blank, the user may be requiredto move her head in an example implementation. An example 360-degreefield of view 1006 of the user 1015 may be partitioned into “high”weighted areas 1008A/1008B, “medium” weighted areas 1010A/1010B, “low”weighted areas 1012A/1012B that are within the 180-degree peripheralfield, the areas being demarcated in relation to the user's viewpointline 1005 (directly looking ahead, for example, in the VR space 1002).Non-visible areas 1014A/1014B (e.g., behind-the-head areas) may be givenlowest available weights possible in an example implementation of thescenario 1000A set forth in FIG. 10A.

Corresponding to the equal weight distributions provided to the VTVs inthe scenario of FIG. 10A, an example bandwidth allocation scheme 1000Billustrates a subscriber bandwidth pipe 1052 provided to a gateway 1050of subscriber premises that includes a VR device or apparatus 1056. Thetotal bandwidth of the subscriber pipe 1052 may be apportioned into a10-Mbs managed MABR video pipe 1054A serving VR environment 1002, a datacommunications pipe 1054B as well as a voice communications pipe 1054C.Because of the equal weights accorded to VTVs, each channel (Channels1-5) corresponding to the respective VTVs are allocated equal bandwidth(e.g., 1.8 Mbs, given the bitrate representations available for thechannels), as shown by reference numerals 1056-1 to 1056-5. It should beappreciated that such an allocation may leave some of the managed MABRvideo pipe to be unused, since the highest bitrate representation thatcan be used for each channel is 1.8 Mbs, which amounts to 9.0 Mbs usagein total. If a next highest bitrate were to be selected, e.g., 4 Mbs,the managed pipe would not be able to accommodate all five channels atthe same equal weighting factors.

FIGS. 11A and 11B relate to example weight assignments and associatedbandwidth allocation for media content channels in a VR environmenthaving five VD screens in another illustrative use case scenario 1100Awhere a single VTV is directly viewed, another one in the peripheralvision and the remaining VTVs being unviewed. Reference numeral 1105refers to a new viewpoint of the user 1015 in this use case scenario,with VTV-2 1004-2 being directly viewed, VTV-1 1004-1 being in aperipheral field. The weight assignment process of the present inventionmay therefore (re)assign or update the previously-assigned weightsaccordingly as shown in FIG. 11A, which results in higher bandwidthallocation for the channel shown on VTV-2 because of its weight beingupdated to 3.0, e.g., 6 Mbs allocation as exemplified in the allocationscheme 1100B of FIG. 11B. VTV-1 being a peripheral screen gets anupdated weight of 0.75, resulting in a smaller bandwidth allocationtherefor. Still smaller bandwidth allocations may be provided for theremaining VTVs, each now having a weight of 0.353. It should be notedthat in one example implementation, only those weights that are changedor updated to different values may be transmitted by the VR device 1056to the gateway's bandwidth allocation/annealing mechanism in order tominimize the communications overhead.

FIGS. 12A and 12B relate to example weight assignments and associatedbandwidth allocation for media content channels in a VR environmenthaving five VD screens in yet another illustrative use case scenario1200A where two VTVs (VTV-1 and VTV-2) are in direct view, VTV-3 is inperipheral view, and remaining VTV-4 and VTV-5 are not visible at all,taken in reference to a new line of view 1205 within the user's field ofview 1207. Corresponding bandwidth allocation scenario 1200B accordinglyillustrates 4 Mbs allocations for Channel 1 and Channel 2 showing onVTV-1 and VTV-2, respectively, each having a weight of 3.0. Bandwidthallocations for the remaining channel are also correspondingly adjustedbased on the new selected single bitrate representations for them inaccordance with the teachings of the present patent disclosure. A stillfurther illustrative use case scenario 1300A and related bandwidthallocation scheme 1300B are shown in FIGS. 13A and 13B. In the scenario1300A, three VTV screens (VTV-1, VTV-3 and VTV-4) are within a directview cone of the subscriber's field of view 1316, and hence may bedeemed as being looked at directly, thereby getting an equal weight of3.0. The remaining two VD screens (VTV-2 and VTV-5) are still visiblebut near the visual periphery of the subscriber 1015, which aretherefore assigned a 0.75 weight. Because there is not enough bandwidthto fit all VTVs at their weights, when bandwidth is distributed,available bitrates may be chosen in an unintuitive manner in order toprevent unused bandwidth in an example embodiment of the presentinvention. By way of illustration, a select first VTV (e.g., VTV-1) maybe arbitrarily allowed more bandwidth than the equally weighted VTVs,e.g., VTV-3 and VTV-4. Similarly, VTV-2 is at a higher bitrate than theequally weighted VTV-5, as exemplified in the bandwidth allocationscheme 1300B of FIG. 13B. It should be appreciated that in both cases anobjective of the embodiments herein is to use all available bandwidth,even if there is not enough leftover bandwidth to upgrade all VTVs inthe same weight class.

FIG. 15 depicts a block diagram of an apparatus 1500 that may beconfigured as an element, node or subsystem operative in an MABRcommunications network according to an embodiment of the present patentapplication. For example, apparatus 1500 may be configured in oneembodiment as MVMA functionality in a gateway agent implementation suchas GW 402 set forth hereinabove. In an additional or alternativeembodiment, apparatus 1500 may be configured as a gateway node operativeto execute or otherwise facilitate time-shifting of unwatched mediacontent channels while providing bitrate control in a VR implementation,e.g., according to an embodiment of a combination of processes600A/600B, as will be set forth in later sections of the present patentapplication further below.

One or more processors 1502 may be operatively coupled to variousmodules that may be implemented in persistent memory for executingsuitable program instructions or code portions with respect to one ormore processes set forth hereinabove for facilitating channel packing,channel joining/leaving, de-gapping, and/or bandwidth allocations, etc.,depending on a particular configuration. A stream IGMP management module1512 is operative to perform various processes for generatingappropriate signals to an IGMP switch and/or upstream nodes such asDSLAM nodes or BNG nodes, for joining the requested channels at selectedbitrates in accordance with the teachings set forth hereinabove. An MABRbandwidth allocation module 1510 is operative to apply suitablebandwidth allocation policies to a subscriber premises pipe, including amanaged video pipe serving a VR environment, under suitable programinstructions, e.g., program instructions 1508 and/or other code portionsin memory 1504, or in conjunction with a bandwidth policy manager 1518to effectuate stream bitrate selection and channel packing. A suitablesegment cache 1515 may also be provided as part of or in addition to thememory system of the apparatus 1500 that is operative to store a selectnumber of segments (for instance, a predetermined number) per eachchannel at select bitrates, e.g., single bitrate representations perchannel. A manifest generator 1517 is configured or programmed togenerate, under or as suitable program code executed by processors 1502,a manifest referencing gateway segment cache addresses or locations(e.g., as URLs) of the stored segments in single bitraterepresentations, that may be provided to a VR-capable client device orCPE. In a further arrangement, apparatus 1500 may also be (re)configuredto provide TSTV controller functionality 1516 for facilitatingtime-shifting of unwatched channels in a VR environment. Depending onthe configuration, various network interfaces (I/F) 1514-1 to 1514-K maybe appropriately provided with respect to effectuating communicationswith, inter alia, MABR bandwidth/QoS policy manager nodes, back officenodes, SAG units and/or MSF functionalities, Session Resource Management(SRM) nodes, IGMP switches, unicast switches, BNG/DSLAM nodes,standalone or CDN edge-based TSTV systems, and the like. In similarfashion, interfaces 1514-1 to 1514-K may also include interfacesoperative to effectuate communications with a plurality of clientdevices, including VR-capable CPEs of a subscriber premises (in agateway agent implementation, for example) via a suitable premisesnetwork as set forth hereinabove, for receiving stream weight updatesand/or TSTV control message inputs. An HTTP server module 1506 isconfigured to deliver segments of the media content channels from cache1515 at respective single bitrates to the VD screens of a subscriber'sVR environment responsive to suitable http messaging processes.

Turning now to FIGS. 16A and 16B, depicted therein is an arrangementwith respect to a subscriber premises gateway or node 1602 that mayconfigured as apparatus 1500 set forth above according to an embodimentof the present invention for delivering select single bitraterepresentations of the media content channels to VD screens in additionto facilitating time-shifting of selected media content channels of asubscriber's VR environment in an example gateway implementationarchitecture 1600A/1600B. One skilled in the art will recognize that theoverall structural arrangement of the architecture 1600A/B issubstantially similar to the gateway implementation architecture 400A/Bof FIGS. 4A-4B. Accordingly, the detailed description providedhereinabove with respect to FIGS. 4A-4B is also applicable to theembodiment shown in FIGS. 16A-16B, mutatis mutandis. An example TSTVcontroller 1604 of GW 1602, responsive to receiving appropriate TS-basedmessages or indications from subscriber VR device 408 via an interface1603, is operative in association with virtual pipe stream manager 428for interfacing with a TSTV system via suitable signaling 1606 foreffectuating time-shifting of select media content channel(s) of thesubscriber's VR environment 406. As will be described below, replay orplayback of time-shifted channels (TS channels) may be effectuated asunicast streams from a standalone TSTV system or a TSTV systemassociated with a CDN edge node for downloading by a network HTTPserver, which unicast streams may be received via a unicast pipe portion1610A of a managed video delivery pipe 1608 serving the gateway node.Managed MABR media content channels (non-time-shifted or NTS mediachannels) for delivery to the subscriber's VR environment 406 maycontinue to take place via a managed MABR portion 1610B of the videopipe 1608, wherein the bandwidth may be managed by selecting appropriatebitrates as previously described.

By way of illustration, VTV 409-2 is exemplified as a VDS showingChannel 1 designated for time-shifting. A unicast stream of having aselect clamped bitrate for Channel 1 is received via the unicast pipe1610A, which segments are passed through GW 1602, e.g., without beingcached thereat in segment cache 424, in a unicast download path 1609 tothe VR device. In contrast, it will be recalled that the segment cache424 is used for storing media segments for the “live play” or NTSsessions provided to the NTS screens of the subscriber's VR environment406. As before, HTTP server 432 is operative to download the storedmedia segments requested by the VTVs responsive to the ABR manifestreferencing the cached locations.

FIGS. 17A and 17B are flowcharts of various blocks, steps and/or actsthat may be (re)combined in one or more arrangements, with respect tothe embodiments of FIGS. 6A and/or 6B, in a further embodiment of thepresent invention for managing bitrate control in a VR environment whileproviding for time-shifting of media content channels. In exampleprocess 1700A of FIG. 17A, a change or a movement in a point of view ofthe subscriber in relation to a first reference axis may be detectedwith respect to the VD screens' placement within the VR environment(e.g., VRE 406), as set forth at block 1702. As noted previously, such achange or movement may result in a different viewpoint (e.g., definingor having a second reference axis) within the VR environment, whereineach VD screen is configured to receive a media content channel.Further, similar to the embodiments set forth in FIGS. 6A/6B and 7,angular distance of each of the VD screens relative to the secondreference axis may be computed (block 1704). Based on the angulardistances, a determination may be made whether one or more VD screensare outside a current field of view of the subscriber (block 1706). Ifso, media channels on the non-visible VD screens may be set or selectedfor time-shifting. Further, weights of teach of the VD screens and theirmedia content channels may be set, reset, or otherwise updated based onthe angular distance of the corresponding VD screens that are within thesubscriber's field of view relative to the second reference axis, whichmay include assigning a null weight to each of the media contentchannels showing on the VD screens that are outside the subscriber'sfield of view, as set forth at blocks 1708 and 1710. Subscriber's VRdevice may be configured to indicate the TS selections on non-visible VDscreens to the serving gateway, in addition to sending the updatedweights including the null or zero weights (block 1712). Responsive tothe TS selection indications, a TSTV controller of the gateway nodeeffectuates time-shifting of the selected media content channels byproviding session IDs corresponding thereto (block 1714) to a standaloneTSTV system or a CDN edge-based TSTV system depending on theimplementation. The received weight/updates, including null weights, maybe utilized in a channel annealing mechanism as before for selectingoptimal single bitrates for each of non-TS media channels, whereby themanaged MABR media pipe's bandwidth may be (re)allocated (block 1716).

Example process flow 1700B of FIG. 17B is illustrative of a situationwhere previously time-shifted media channels of non-visible VDSs may beresumed for playback upon determining that one or more such VDSs havebecome visible due to a change in the user's viewpoint. As before, adetermination or detection is made that the subscriber has changed herpoint of view to a new field of view within the subscriber's VRenvironment (block 1752). Responsive to the detecting that thesubscriber has changed her point of view to a new field of view withinthe subscriber's VR environment, a further determination may be madewhether one or more VD screens that were outside the subscriber's fieldof view previously are now within the new field of view (block 1754).Responsive to the determining, weights of the media content channels onthe VD screens within the new field of view (including the newly visibleVDSs and/or those previously VDSs that may have become non-visible inthe new field of view) may be (re)assigned or updated (block 1756). Allsuch updates may be provided (including the null weights assigned to thenew TS media content channels) to the serving gateway node for(re)allocating the bandwidth of the managed bandwidth pipe serving thesubscriber's premises based on another iteration of the channelannealing mechanism (blocks 1758, 1760). As previously noted, only thoseweights that have been changed due to the change in the subscriber's FOVmay be transmitted to the gateway node, i.e., a “delta” compression ofweights, which transmission may be effectuated as pushing, pulling or asa request/response mechanism. Suitable session IDs and control messagesto start playback of the previously time-shifted media content channelsmay be provided to the TSTV system, along with applicable bitraterequests based on the channel annealing operations, for facilitatingdelivery of the resumed media channels using a unicast at clampedbitrates (block 1762). It will be further realized that similar to theacts of block 710, appropriate manifest(s) may be provided to the UE/VRdevice by the gateway node with respect to blocks 1716 and/or 1760responsive to bitrate selection based on channel bandwidth annealing andallocation. Moreover, the terms “allocate” and “reallocate” as well asterms of similar import may be used interchangeably in the context ofthe present disclosure. Likewise, terms such as “update”, “assign”,“reassign, and terms of similar import may also be used roughlysynonymously for purposes of an embodiment of the present patentapplication.

Accordingly, skilled artisans will appreciate that although resumed TSchannels may be accorded weights, such weights are handled differentlyin an example embodiment of the present invention. Consider a TSTVchannel that will get a weight of 3.0 (on a visible VDS) or 0 (on anon-visible VDS) in an example. The channel annealing mechanismcalculates the bitrates just like it does for MABR media channels forlive sessions. Whereas for MABR media channels, the bandwidth iscontrolled by multicast Leave/Join operations, the bitrate for the TSTVchannels is controlled by the GW node requesting the TSTV system todeliver the bitrate segments as per calculated bitrates from theannealing mechanism. If the weight is 0 then no bandwidth will beallocated to the TSTV stream and the pipe will be fully utilized for allcurrent MABR streams. It will be appreciated that there is no need forbandwidth to be allocated for the unicast streams for channels that maybe currently paused.

Embodiments of the present invention therefore provide a gatewayimplementation wherein gapped streams are delivered to the premisesgateway for regular multicast content while unicast http content is usedfor TS channels since it individualized (i.e., specific to each VDS ofthe VR environment). The client VR device is advantageously configuredto report what weights each VDS should get based on the subscriber'sgaze or viewpoint, and is responsible for starting/stopping TS contentas well as switching between URLs for time-shifted content or livecontent.

FIGS. 18A-18B depict further details of a network portion 1800A/1800Bthat may implemented as part of an example MABR network architecture ofFIG. 1 for facilitating TSTV channels in a VR environment according toan embodiment for purposes of the present patent application. Similar tothe network portion 300A-C of FIGS. 3A-3C, encoders 304-1 to 304-N areoperative to receive video source feeds 302-1 to 302-N in respect of Nservice channels, which are provided to segmentation/gapper 306 asstreams at different encoding bitrates. Each gapped service provided bysegmentation/gapper 306 therefore comprises a plurality of bitraterepresentations as indicated by a shorthand notation or legend 1808,which are received IGMP switch 312. Joined gapped services across theselect bitrates may be provided to BNG 314 as before for live sessions.On the other hand, a TSTV system 1802 receives a joined gapped servicethat has been selected for time-shifting, as indicated by servicechannel path 1810. Example TSTV system 1802 may include a database orfile storage 1806 for caching the segments of the TS channels for asubscriber, which may be stored on a VDS-by-VDS basis, per subscriberIDs, as well as based on session IDs. Further, example TSTV system 1802may be configured to provide or otherwise transmit segments of a resumedTS channel at a select bitrate to BNG 314 for delivery to the VDS via aparticular subscriber pipe, e.g., pipe 318-1, based on http mechanisms.

FIG. 19 depicts further details of a TSTV arrangement 1900 that may beused in association with the network portion embodiment shown in FIGS.18A/18B. A segment request 1908 (including TSTV session ID and selectbitrate) is received by a segment selection module 1906 of example TSTVsystem 1802, which generates a bandwidth limit or clamping request 1905to a rate limiter 1904 associated with an HTTP server 1904 executing atthe TSTV system 1802. As noted previously, the select bitrate may bedetermined based on weight assignment with respect to the VDS inconjunction with a channel annealing process executed by the premisesgateway. From a cache of segments having various bitrates, a particularrepresentation having an appropriate bitrate 1910 (based on requestedbitrate and/or bitrate clamping) may be selected for transmission to BNG314 for eventual delivery to the requesting VDS. It should be furtherappreciated that BNG 314 may be constrained by network gateway policies,priorities, differential servicing and classes of service, etc., withrespect to the UDP traffic.

Various illustrative use case scenarios relating to example weightassignments and associated bandwidth allocations for media contentchannels in a VR environment or VR space having five VD screens are setforth at FIGS. 20A/20B to 23A/23B, where a user/subscriber changes orshifts her viewpoints in relation to the VR spatial environment andselects different media channels to be time-shifted. Similar to theexample scenario 1000A shown in FIG. 10A, scenario 2000A of FIG. 20Arepresents a situation where subscriber 1015 is disposed in a VR space1002 having five VTVs VTV-1 to VTV-5 (referred to by reference numerals1004-1 to 1004-5) at or along different “walls” of the space 1002.Whereas the subscriber 1015 is not viewing any VTVs directly, VTV-2 andVTV-3 are selected for or set to time-shifting. Accordingly, each of thenon-TS VTVs is given a minimum available weight, e.g., 0.353, whileVTV-2 and VTV-3 each get a null or zero weight. As in the exampleimplementation of FIG. 10A, a 360-degree field of view 1006 of the user1015 may be partitioned into “high” weighted areas 1008A/1008B, “medium”weighted areas 1010A/1010B, “low” weighted areas 1012A/1012B that arewithin the 180-degree peripheral field, the areas being demarcated inrelation to the user's viewpoint line 1005 (directly looking ahead, forexample, in the VR space 1002). Non-visible areas 1014A/1014B (e.g.,behind-the-head areas) may be given lowest available weights possible,consistent with the example implementation of the scenario 1000A setforth in FIG. 10A.

Corresponding to the weight distributions provided to the VTVs in thescenario of FIG. 20A, an example bandwidth allocation scheme 2000Billustrates a subscriber bandwidth pipe 1052 provided to a gateway 1050of subscriber premises that includes a VR device or apparatus 1056. Asbefore, the total bandwidth of the subscriber pipe 1052 may beapportioned into a 10-Mbs managed MABR video pipe 1054A serving VRenvironment 1002, a data communications pipe 1054B as well as a voicecommunications pipe 1054C. Because of the null weights assigned to VTV-2and VTV-3, no bandwidth is allocated to the TS channels corresponding tothese VTVs. Although equal weights are accorded to the remaining VTVs,VTV-1 and VTV-4 are allocated 4 Mbs each while VTV-5 is allocated only1.6 Mbs, based on the available sample MABR bitrates, while maximizingthe pipe's utilization. Accordingly, it should be appreciated thatcompared to the bandwidth allocation scheme 1000B of FIG. 10B, VTV-1 andVTV-4 now have a higher bandwidth, hence better quality of video, in theexample allocation scheme 2000B.

FIGS. 21A and 21B relate to another illustrative use case scenario 2100Awhere a single VTV is directly viewed, another one in the peripheralvision and the remaining VTVs being unviewed, while one of unviewed VTVsis in TS mode rather than playing at a low bitrate. Similar to thescenario 1100A shown in FIG. 11A, a new viewpoint 1105 of the user 1015defines a new/current reference axis in this use case scenario, withVTV-2 1004-2 being directly viewed (which was previously in TS mode),VTV-1 1004-1 being in a peripheral field, with VTV-3 remaining in TSmode. The weight assignment process of the present invention maytherefore (re)assign or update the previously-assigned weightsaccordingly as shown in FIG. 21A, which results in an allocation schemefor four non-TS VTVs as set forth in FIG. 21B. Higher bandwidthallocation is provided for the resumed channel shown on VTV-2 because ofits weight being updated to 3.0, e.g., 6 Mbs allocation as exemplifiedin the allocation scheme 2100B of FIG. 21B. VTV-1 being a peripheralscreen gets an updated weight of 0.75, resulting in a smaller bandwidthallocation therefor, as before. However, VTV-4 and VTV-5 enjoy a higherbandwidth allocation than was available under the allocation scheme of1100B.

FIGS. 22A and 22B relate to example weight assignments and associatedbandwidth allocation for media content channels in a VR environmenthaving five VD screens in yet another illustrative use case scenario2200A where two VTVs (VTV-1 and VTV-2) are in direct view (despite VTV-2still potentially playing non-current content, i.e., TS content), VTV-3is in peripheral view, and remaining VTV-4 and VTV-5 are not visible atall. Corresponding bandwidth allocation scenario 2200B accordinglyillustrates 4 Mbs allocations for Channel 1 and Channel 2 showing onVTV-1 and VTV-2 (which may be showing TS content), respectively, eachhaving a weight of 3.0. Bandwidth allocations for the remaining channelare also correspondingly adjusted based on the new selected singlebitrate representations for them in accordance with the teachings of thepresent patent disclosure. A still further illustrative use casescenario 2300A and related bandwidth allocation scheme 2300B are shownin FIGS. 23A and 23B. In the scenario 2300A, three VTV screens (VTV-1,VTV-3 and VTV-4) are within a direct view cone of the subscriber's fieldof view 1316 (similar to the scenario 1300A of FIG. 13A), and hence maybe deemed as being looked at directly, thereby getting an equal weightof 3.0, although VTV-3 may be resuming playback of content that waspreviously time-shifted. The remaining two VD screens (VTV-2 and VTV-5)are still visible but near the visual periphery of the subscriber 1015.As VTV-2 is selected for TS, it gets a weight of 0, while VTV-5 isnon-TS and therefore is assigned a low 0.75 weight. Because there is notenough bandwidth to fit all four non-TS VTVs at their weights, whenbandwidth is distributed, available bitrates may be chosen in anunintuitive manner as in the bandwidth allocation scheme 1300B of FIG.13B. However, it can be seen that the bandwidth allocation for VTV-3 hasimproved in the scheme 2300B (4 Mbs here vs. 1.6 Mbs in scenario 1300B)due to the reclaimed bandwidth now available because of time-shifting ofVTV-2. Thus, one skilled in the art will recognize that first twoscreens, VTV-1 and VTV-3, in the same weight class, are arbitrarilyallowed more bandwidth than VTV-4, which is also in the same weightclass.

FIGS. 24A and 24B depict portions of a flowchart of various blocks,steps and/or acts that may be (re)combined in one or more arrangementsthat illustrate a process flow 2400A/2400B for delivering TS content(i.e., playback or resumption of play) to a VD screen according to anembodiment of the present invention. At block 2402, subscriber's VRdevice headset detects the subscriber's head movement. Responsivethereto, existing weights for all VD screens or TVs may be cleared(block 2404), similar to the embodiment of FIG. 8. Separately, thesubscriber may also select TS settings for a select number of VDSs,responsive to which session setup messages may be sent to a TSTVcontroller of the serving gateway (blocks 2408 and 2410). TSTVcontroller accordingly allocates/returns TSTV session IDs for theselected TS channels, which may be saved by the VR device for thecorresponding VDSs (blocks 2412 and 2413). This information may also beprovided or used in clearing the existing weights as part of weightinitialization in one implementation. At block 2406, the VR devicecalculates angles for each VD screen in relation to the subscriber'sfield of vision. A weight-based TS delivery loop 2414 is then executedfor each VD screen, which may involve at least portions of some of theembodiments set forth elsewhere in the present disclosure depending onwhether or not TS is enabled for a VDS (e.g., as set forth blocks 2418and 2420). At blocks 2416, a degree field or a line of field from thecenter of a VD screen to the center of the VR display device (or someother reference point with respect to the VR display device) iscalculated, e.g., as a 0-degree reference axis. If the VDS is enabledfor TS (block 2418), the VDS's angular distance is compared against acone of high visibility (e.g., within ±33 degrees), as set forth atblock 2422. If the TS-enabled VD screen is within this cone, the mediacontent channel associated with that VD screen is set to having a highweight value of 3.0. The updated weight is provided to the gateway'sbandwidth controller, as set forth at block 2426. Otherwise, if the VDSis not in a predetermined cone of visibility, the associated mediacontent channel's weight is set to null (block 2434), which is also sentto the gateway's bandwidth controller, as set forth at block 2436. Ifthe TS-enabled VDS in the visibility zone is currently playing (block2428), the process flow exits or returns to next VDS. If the TS-enabledVDS in the visibility zone is currently not playing (block 2428), theprocess flow 2400A/B proceeds with issuing a Play message for thecorresponding session ID to the gateway's TSTV controller (as set forthat block 2430).

On the other hand, if a null-weighted VDS is currently playing (block2438), a Pause message for the corresponding session ID may be providedto the gateway's TSTV controller (as set forth at block 2440). However,if the null-weighted VDS is currently not playing (block 2438), theprocess flow 2400A/B exits or returns to next VDS.

FIGS. 25A-25D are flowcharts of various blocks, steps and/or acts thatmay be (re)combined in one or more arrangements that illustrate variousTSTV-related control processes that may be effectuated with respect to aTS session controlled at a gateway node, a network node, or at acloud-centric node according to one or more embodiments of the presentinvention. FIG. 25A sets forth a process 2500A concerning starting aTSTV session. At block 2502, a client VR device sends a request (e.g.,may be generated responsive to head movement or otherwise) to start a VRTSTV session for a designated media content channel. At block 2504, aTSTV controller sends a request to start or initiate a TSTV session forthe designated channel and subscriber ID to a serving TSTV system, whichresponds with a session ID and associated URL for the requested channel(block 2506). TSTV controller saves the session ID and TSTV content'sURL for the requesting VDS and associated channel (block 2508), whichinformation is also transmitted to the VR device (block 2510).Optionally or otherwise, if the user continues to gaze at the nowTS-enabled VDS, a Play request may be generated by the TSTV controllerto the TSTV system, as set at block 2512.

FIG. 25B depicts a process 2500B concerning playing a TSTV session. Atblock 2522, a client VR device sends a Play request (e.g., may begenerated responsive to head movement or otherwise) to play a VR TSTVsession for a designated media content channel with a desired bitrate.In response, at block 2524, a TSTV controller sends a request to theMABR bandwidth control agent for playing a TSTV session for a channelhaving session ID and associated URL, which is then propagated to theserving TSTV system (block 2526). At block 2528, the TSTV systemresponsive to the session ID and URL information begins delivery ofsegments from a known point in time of the stream (e.g., at the lastPause request) or at the start of a new session.

FIG. 25C depicts a process 2500C concerning pausing a TSTV session. Atblock 2532, a client VR device sends a Pause request (e.g., may begenerated responsive to head movement or otherwise) to pause a VR TSTVsession for a designated media content channel. In response, at block2534, a TSTV controller sends a request to the MABR bandwidth controlagent for pausing a TSTV session for a channel having session ID andassociated URL, which is also propagated to the serving TSTV system(block 2536). At block 2538, the TSTV system responsive to the sessionID and URL information stops delivery of segments, the exact location ofthe segment at which pausing took place being stored for future use.

FIG. 25D depicts a process 2500D with respect to ending a TSTV session.At block 2542, a client VR device sends a Stop request (e.g., may begenerated responsive to head movement or otherwise) to end a VR TSTVsession for a designated media content channel. In response, at block2544, a TSTV controller sends a request to the MABR bandwidth controlagent for terminating a TSTV session for a channel having session ID andassociated URL, which is also propagated to the serving TSTV system(block 2546). At block 2548, the TSTV system stops delivery of segmentsresponsive to the session ID and URL information.

FIGS. 26A-26D depict portions of a flowchart of various blocks, stepsand/or acts that may be (re)combined in one or more arrangements thatillustrate an example channel annealing mechanism for selecting mediacontent channel bitrates in view of time-shifting of select channelsaccording to one embodiment of the present patent disclosure. Skilledartisans will recognize upon reference hereto that example process flow2600A-2600D of FIGS. 26A-26D is substantially similar to the embodiment900A-900D of FIGS. 9A-9D. Accordingly, the detailed description providedhereinabove with respect to FIGS. 9A-9D is also applied herein, mutatismutandis.

At block 2602, a MABR bandwidth control agent or module (e.g.,associated with a VMA) receives a Join or Leave request with respect tothe media content channels being provided to the VR environment. If therequest is a Leave request (as per determination at block 2604), thechannel is removed from the target channel list used for annealing orchannel packing (block 2608). Also, if a TSTV controller sends a requestto stop a TSTV session for a particular media channel having adesignated session ID (block 2606), that channel is also removed fromthe target channel list. If the request is a Join request (block 2604),a further determination is made as to whether the stream segments arecurrently being delivered to the VR device or VD screens (block 2610).If not, a “listener” process or module may be started for monitoringdynamic bandwidth channel changes (block 2612). Otherwise, the channelis added to an active channel list (block 2614), which feeds into anMABR virtual pipe allocation mechanism for modeling or re-modelingbandwidth allocations for the active channels (block 2620). As set forthat block 2616, policy management changes, if any, with respect to MABRvirtual pipe allocation may also be input (e.g., from an MABR backoffice) into the modeling process. Furthermore, inputs from a TSTVcontroller (e.g., relating to playing/pausing a session) may also beprovided to the pipe modeling mechanism, as set forth at block 2618.

The active channel list may be sorted, e.g., in a descending order basedon a priority value, as set forth at block 2622, whereupon a packingiteration loop 2624 may be executed for each active channel. First, adetermination may be made whether the channel's lowest bitraterepresentation may be accommodated into the modeled or simulatedbandwidth pipe (block 2626). If so, the channel is added to a list ofapplied channels along with a priority for that channel (block 2628).Otherwise, a further determination is made at block 2630 as to whetherthere is a policy change to decreasing the pipe size. If so, the channelis added to a skipped channel list (block 2634). If the channel is notthe same as the new/requested channel (block 2632), it is either addedto the list of the applied channels (block 2628) or to the skippedchannel list (block 2634).

In the exemplary embodiment of annealing flow 2600A-D shown in FIGS.26A-26D, a message or warning 2640 may be provided with respect to eachchannel in the skipped channels list as set forth at a message loopprocess 2638, in a manner similar to the process flow 900A-D of FIGS.9A-9D, e.g., “Channel not currently available.” For each channel in theapplied channels list, a weight application process 2642 is executedwherein the weight/update received for the channel, e.g., via thelistener agent monitoring (block 2636) provided for the joined channels,as set forth at block 2644. The applied channels list is then sortedbased on the weights, e.g., in descending order, as set forth at block2646, whereupon a bitrate upgrade loop process 2648 is executed for eachof the applied channels for arriving at an optimal bitrate for eachchannel, e.g., a single bitrate that can best fit the pipe. Adetermination is made whether the channel can be upgraded to the nexthighest bitrate of the available multicast bitrates using the existingMABR channel bandwidth allocation (block 2650). If so, the bitrate forthat channel is changed to that next highest bitrate (block 2651).Otherwise, no upgrading is performed for that channel and process loopreturns to the next channel in the weight-sorted applied channel list orotherwise exits (block 2653).

Upon exiting the bitrate upgrade loop process 2648, an IGMP loop process2655 is performed, which involves accounting for whether an appliedchannel is a TS session (block 2652). If the channel is not a TSsession, a further determination is made whether the channel at theselected single bitrate representation is already connected to thecorrect IGMP node/port (block 2654). If so, that channel is skipped andthe loop process iterates to the next channel's single bitrate (block2656). If the channel at the selected bitrate is not already joined tothe correct IGMP, an IGMP Join operation is performed to connect to themulticast stream having the calculated/selected multicast bitrate (block2658).

On the other hand, if the applied channel is a TS session, anotherdetermination may be made whether the assigned weight is 0 (block 2660).If so, the channel bitrate is set to 0 (so as to free up the bandwidth).If the weight is non-zero, the channel bitrate is set to the calculatedbitrate from the annealing process set forth hereinabove (block 2662).In one example implementation, a TSTV system may be informed of thesebitrate computations for the TS channels having corresponding sessionIDs (block 2666). As one skilled in the art will recognize upon havingreference hereto, the channel packing processes and/or bitrate upgradeprocesses of flow 2600A-D may therefore involve one or more bandwidthpipe modeling and annealing mechanisms set forth hereinabove.

FIGS. 27A-27C are flowcharts of various blocks, steps and/or acts thatmay be (re)combined in one or more arrangements regarding additionalTSTV-related processes that may be effectuated at an example TSTV systemaccording to one or more embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 27Adepicts a process 2700A concerning a request to play a virtual TSTVsession. At block 2702, example TSTV system receives a Play sessionrequest for a specific session ID, with a requested delivery bitrate.Responsive thereto, the TSTV system sets a current state for the sessionID as currently streaming (block 2704). The TSTV system then performs abitrate request handling process, e.g., including a clamping request insome implementations, for obtaining segments of a suitable bitrate(block 2706).

FIG. 27B depicts a process 2700B concerning a request to pause a virtualTSTV session. At block 2712, example TSTV system receives a request topause a session having a specific session ID. Responsive thereto, theTSTV system suspends delivering the segments for the designated session(block 2714). The TSTV system also sets the delivery bitrate for thesession ID to zero (block 2716).

FIG. 27C depicts a process 2700C concerning a request to stop a virtualTSTV session. At block 2722, example TSTV system receives a request tostop a session having a specific session ID. Responsive thereto, theTSTV system suspends delivering the segments for the designated session(block 2724). Similar to the process 2700B above, the TSTV system alsosets the delivery bitrate for the session ID to zero (block 2726).Thereafter, example TSTV system purges all segments for the designatedsession ID (block 2728) and provides a response including a statusindication that a session having the designated session ID is stopped(block 2730).

FIGS. 28A-28C depict flowcharts or portions of various blocks, stepsand/or acts that may be (re)combined in one or more arrangementsrelating to an example process of starting a virtual TS session andrequesting bitrates for a TS session according to an embodiment of thepresent invention. Process flow 2800A relates to generating a singlebitrate manifest while handling a request to start a virtual TSTVsession. At block 2842, example TSTV system receives a session setuprequest for a designated channel and designated subscriber. Responsivethereto, the TSTV system subscribes to all MABR bitrates for theselected channel (block 2844). A session ID is generated with respect tothe requested TSTV session (block 2846). A time-shifted manifest fileincluding URLs referencing captured segments across all bitrates is thengenerated or otherwise obtained (block 2848). The TSTV system thenstrips all bitrates except the top bitrate from the manifest andresponds with session ID and single top bitrate manifest URL for thedesignated subscriber ID to the TSTV controller (block 2850).

Example process flow 2800B-2800C shown in FIGS. 28B-C providesadditional features relating to requesting a delivery bitrate for avirtual TSTV session. At block 2802, example TSTV system receives adelivery bitrate request for a TSTV session with a designated sessionID. At block 2804, the TSTV system saves the delivery bitrate associatedwith the session ID. A determination may be made whether the requestedsession is currently streaming (block 2806). If not, the process flowexits (block 2810). If the session is currently streaming, a furtherdetermination is made as to whether the requested segment is a topbitrate segment (block 2812). If so, segment bitrate is selected basedon the requested delivery bitrate (block 2822), and the requestedsegment is selected for delivery (block 2844). If the requested segmentis not a top bitrate segment, a lookup may be performed based on thesegment name of the requested segment, where the segment bitrate may beset to a bitrate from the manifest (block 2814). If a segment is foundat an appropriate bitrate, it is selected for delivery (block 2816).Thereafter, either from block 2824 or from block 2816, an http deliverysystem's bitrate for the designated session ID is set at the determinedbitrate (block 2818), whereupon the selected segment for the designatedsession ID is transmitted (block 2820).

It should be appreciated that while one or more of the foregoingimplementations are broadly GW-centric or network-centric, alternativeor additional embodiments involving client-centric processes may also bepracticed according to the teachings herein for allowing time-shiftingto be handled primarily by the device-based logic.

Based upon the foregoing Detailed Description, it should be appreciatedthat one or more embodiments of the present disclosure can beadvantageously implemented in a number of VR applications wherebandwidth can be conserved for VD screens that are not currently beingwatched, thereby allowing greater bandwidth to be allocated for screensthat are. By time-shifting the content, VR viewers will not miss thecontent, allowing the VR environment to cater to the individual viewer'ssurfing habits.

In the above-description of various embodiments of the presentdisclosure, it is to be understood that the terminology used herein isfor the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is notintended to be limiting of the invention. Unless otherwise defined, allterms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have thesame meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the artto which this invention belongs. It will be further understood thatterms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should beinterpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning inthe context of this specification and the relevant art and may not beinterpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense expressly so definedherein.

At least some example embodiments are described herein with reference toblock diagrams and/or flowchart illustrations of computer-implementedmethods, apparatus (systems and/or devices) and/or computer programproducts. It is understood that a block of the block diagrams and/orflowchart illustrations, and combinations of blocks in the blockdiagrams and/or flowchart illustrations, can be implemented by computerprogram instructions that are performed by one or more computercircuits. Such computer program instructions may be provided to aprocessor circuit of a general purpose computer circuit, special purposecomputer circuit, and/or other programmable data processing circuit toproduce a machine, so that the instructions, which execute via theprocessor of the computer and/or other programmable data processingapparatus, transform and control transistors, values stored in memorylocations, and other hardware components within such circuitry toimplement the functions/acts specified in the block diagrams and/orflowchart block or blocks, and thereby create means (functionality)and/or structure for implementing the functions/acts specified in theblock diagrams and/or flowchart block(s). Additionally, the computerprogram instructions may also be stored in a tangible computer-readablemedium that can direct a computer or other programmable data processingapparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructionsstored in the computer-readable medium produce an article of manufactureincluding instructions which implement the functions/acts specified inthe block diagrams and/or flowchart block or blocks.

As alluded to previously, tangible, non-transitory computer-readablemedium may include an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, orsemiconductor data storage system, apparatus, or device. More specificexamples of the computer-readable medium would include the following: aportable computer diskette, a random access memory (RAM) circuit, aread-only memory (ROM) circuit, an erasable programmable read-onlymemory (EPROM or Flash memory) circuit, a portable compact discread-only memory (CD-ROM), and a portable digital video disc read-onlymemory (DVD/Blu-ray). The computer program instructions may also beloaded onto or otherwise downloaded to a computer and/or otherprogrammable data processing apparatus to cause a series of operationalsteps to be performed on the computer and/or other programmableapparatus to produce a computer-implemented process. Accordingly,embodiments of the present invention may be embodied in hardware and/orin software (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.)that runs on a processor or controller, which may collectively bereferred to as “circuitry,” “a module” or variants thereof. Further, anexample processing unit may include, by way of illustration, a generalpurpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventionalprocessor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality ofmicroprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSPcore, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific IntegratedCircuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) circuits, anyother type of integrated circuit (IC), and/or a state machine. As can beappreciated, an example processor unit may employ distributed processingin certain embodiments.

Further, in at least some additional or alternative implementations, thefunctions/acts described in the blocks may occur out of the order shownin the flowcharts. For example, two blocks shown in succession may infact be executed substantially concurrently or the blocks may sometimesbe executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality/actsinvolved. Moreover, the functionality of a given block of the flowchartsand/or block diagrams may be separated into multiple blocks and/or thefunctionality of two or more blocks of the flowcharts and/or blockdiagrams may be at least partially integrated. Finally, other blocks maybe added/inserted between the blocks that are illustrated. Moreover,although some of the diagrams include arrows on communication paths toshow a primary direction of communication, it is to be understood thatcommunication may occur in the opposite direction relative to thedepicted arrows.

One skilled in the art will further recognize that various apparatuses,subsystems, functionalities/applications and/or one or more networkelements as well as the underlying network infrastructures set forthabove for facilitating video outage coverage may be architected in avirtualized environment according to a network function virtualization(NFV) architecture in additional or alternative embodiments of thepresent patent disclosure. For instance, various physical resources,services, applications and functions set forth herein above with respectto an example ABR streaming network environment may be provided asvirtual appliances, machines or functions, wherein the resources andapplications are virtualized into suitable virtual network functions(VNFs) or virtual network elements (VNEs) via a suitable virtualizationlayer. In such embodiments, resources comprising compute resources,memory resources, and network infrastructure resources are virtualizedinto corresponding virtual resources wherein virtual compute resources,virtual memory resources and virtual network resources are collectivelyoperative to support a VNF layer, whose overall management andorchestration functionality may be supported by a virtualizedinfrastructure manager (VIM) in conjunction with a VNF manager and anNFV orchestrator. An Operation Support System (OSS) and/or BusinessSupport System (BSS) component may typically be provided for handlingnetwork-level functionalities such as network management, faultmanagement, configuration management, service management, and subscribermanagement, etc., which may interface with VNF layer and NFVorchestration components via suitable interfaces.

Accordingly, at least a portion of an example network architecturedisclosed herein may be virtualized as set forth above and architectedin a cloud-computing environment comprising a shared pool ofconfigurable virtual resources. Various pieces of software, e.g., TSTVoperations, VMA and MSF functionalities, TS media/ad storage, subscribermanagement, etc., as well as platforms and infrastructure of a MABRnetwork may be implemented in a service-oriented architecture, e.g.,Software as a Service (SaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS),infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) etc., with involved parties providingdifferent features of an example embodiment of the present invention.Skilled artisans will also appreciate that such a cloud-computingenvironment may comprise one or more of private clouds, public clouds,hybrid clouds, community clouds, distributed clouds, multiclouds andinterclouds (e.g., “cloud of clouds”), and the like.

Although various embodiments have been shown and described in detail,the claims are not limited to any particular embodiment or example. Noneof the above Detailed Description should be read as implying that anyparticular component, element, step, act, or function is essential suchthat it must be included in the scope of the claims. Reference to anelement in the singular is not intended to mean “one and only one”unless explicitly so stated, but rather “one or more.” All structuraland functional equivalents to the elements of the above-describedembodiments that are known to those of ordinary skill in the art areexpressly incorporated herein by reference and are intended to beencompassed by the present claims. Accordingly, those skilled in the artwill recognize that the exemplary embodiments described herein can bepracticed with various modifications and alterations within the spiritand scope of the claims appended below.

1. A bitrate control method for delivering media content to a pluralityof virtual display (VD) screens presented in a virtual reality (VR)environment effectuated by a VR device of a subscriber, the methodcomprising: detecting a movement in a point of view of the subscriber inrelation to a first reference axis with respect to the VD screens'placement within the VR environment, said movement resulting in a secondreference axis within the VR environment, wherein each VD screen isconfigured to receive a media content channel; computing angulardistance of each of the VD screens relative to the second referenceaxis; determining that one or more VD screens are outside a field ofview of the subscriber; assigning weights to each of the media contentchannels based on the angular distance of the corresponding VD screensthat are within the subscriber's field of view relative to the secondreference axis; assigning a null weight to each of the media contentchannels showing on the VD screens that are outside the subscriber'sfield of view; time-shifting the media content channels on the VDscreens that are outside the subscriber's field of view; and allocatingbandwidth of a managed bandwidth pipe based on the assigned weights ofthe media content channels, taking into account the null weights of thetime-shifted media content channels, for delivering the media contentchannels to the VD screens within the subscriber's field of view insidethe VR environment.
 2. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein themovement is detected by the subscriber's VR device responsive to thesubscriber's head movement or ocular movement.
 3. The method as recitedin claim 1, wherein the angular distance computed for each of the VDscreens comprises at least one of an angular deviation along ahorizontal plane, along a vertical plane, or both planes, the horizontaland vertical planes defined in the VR environment relative to the secondreference axis.
 4. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the angulardistance is computed in at least one of radians, degrees, or both. 5.The method as recited in claim 1, wherein the media content channels arereceived at a subscriber premises gateway as gapped multicast adaptivebitrate (MABR) segment streams, each media content channel's segmentstream having segments of a single bitrate selected based on therelative weight of the media content channel.
 6. The method as recitedin claim 5, wherein the bandwidth of the managed bandwidth pipe isallocated or reallocated responsive to selecting a particular bitratefor each media content channel among a plurality of bitrates availablefor each of the media content channels showing on the VD screens withinthe subscriber's field of view.
 7. The method as recited in claim 6,wherein the particular bitrate is selected based on a channel bandwidthannealing mechanism.
 8. The method as recited in claim 1, wherein themedia content channels comprise one or more of live cable TV channels,IPTV channels, time-shifted (TS) TV channels, place-shifted (PS) TVchannels, gaming channels, video on demand (VOD) channels and/or publicservice announcement channels.
 9. The method as recited in claim 1,further comprising: detecting that the subscriber has changed her pointof view to a new field of view within the subscriber's VR environment;responsive to the detecting that the subscriber has changed her point ofview to a new field of view within the subscriber's VR environment,determining that one or more VD screens that were outside thesubscriber's field of view previously are now within the new field ofview; responsive to the determining, updating weights to the mediacontent channels on the VD screens within the new field of view;allocating the bandwidth of the managed bandwidth pipe based onselecting a particular bitrate for each media content channel among aplurality of bitrates available for each of the media content channelsshowing on the VD screens within the subscriber's new field of view; anddelivering the time-shifted media content channels to the VD screenswithin the new field of view using a unicast delivery at a clampedbitrate.
 10. The method as recited in claim 9, further comprising:responsive to the determining that one or more VD screens that wereoutside the subscriber's field of view previously are now within the newfield of view, further determining whether any of the one or more VDscreens that are now within the new field of view were previouslyselected for time-shifting of the media content channels.
 11. A gatewaynode operating to serve a subscriber premises via a managed bandwidthpipe, the gateway node configured to facilitate delivery of mediacontent to a plurality of virtual display (VD) screens presented in avirtual reality (VR) environment effectuated by a VR device of asubscriber, the gateway node comprising: one or more processors; anetwork interface for receiving one or more time-shifted (TS) mediacontent channels as gapped unicast adaptive bitrate (MABR) segmentstreams; a network interface for receiving one or more non-time-shifted(NTS) media content channels as gapped multicast adaptive bitrate (MABR)segment streams; a bandwidth policy manager, operating in associationwith the one or more processors, for effectuating IGMP Leave and Joinoperations relative to multi-bit representations of the TS and NTS mediacontent channels; an ABR manifest generator for generating a manifestindicating single bit representations of each of the NTS media contentchannel segments stored in a segment cache of the gateway node; one ormore persistent memory modules having program instructions storedthereon which, when executed by the one or more processors, perform thefollowing in association with one or more modules: facilitating receiptof stream weight updates from the VR device with respect to the TS andNTS media content channels, wherein the TS media content channels areconfigured to have null weights when the VD screens they are associatedwith are outside the subscriber's field of view in the VR environmentand the NTS media content channels are configured to have non-nullweights when the VD screens are associated with are at respectiveangular distances relative to a reference axis in the subscriber's fieldof view, and further wherein each VD screen is configured to receive amedia content channel and the non-null weights of the NTS media contentchannels are updated based on the angular distance of the correspondingVD screens relative to the reference axis in the subscriber's field ofview; and allocating bandwidth of the managed bandwidth pipe based onthe updated weights of the NTS media content channels, taking intoaccount the null weights of the time-shifted media content channels, fordelivering the media content channels to the VD screens within thesubscriber's field of view inside the VR environment; and a TSTVcontroller operative to facilitate time-shifting of selected mediacontent channels; and an HTTP server configured to deliver segments ofthe NTS media content channels at respective single bitrates selectedbased on a channel bandwidth annealing mechanism using the updatedstream weights received from the subscriber's VR device.
 12. The gatewaynode as recited in claim 11, wherein the HTTP server is furtherconfigured to deliver segments of the TS media content channels atrespective clamped bitrates using a unicast delivery responsive toreceiving an indication that the subscriber has changed her point ofview to a new field of view within the subscriber's VR environment andone or more VD screens that were previously outside the subscriber'sfield of view are now within the new field of view.
 13. The gateway nodeas recited in claim 11, wherein the media content channels comprise oneor more of live cable TV channels, IPTV channels, time-shifted (TS) TVchannels, place-shifted (PS) TV channels, gaming channels, video ondemand (VOD) channels and/or public service announcement channels.